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66 pages 2 hours read

Gregory Maguire

Wicked: Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1995

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Part 2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Gillikin”

Part 2, Chapter 1 Summary: “Galinda”

Seventeen-year-old Galinda is on the train to Shiz. She barely registers the world outside her window, thinking instead of her privileged beauty and how she was smart enough to get out her hometown through admission to a well-respected school. She sits across from a Goat, whom she avoids making eye contact with. The Goat introduces himself as Doctor Dillamond, a professor at Shiz. He asks about her opinions on Animal Rights and the new law that would ban Animals like him from riding in trains. Galinda shuts down the conversation, unconcerned with Animal Rights and instantly unimpressed by Doctor Dillamond.

At Shiz, Galinda is awed by the architecture. She meets Madame Morrible, the headmistress of Crage Hall, for registration. Galinda joins the other pretty girls mingling around the parlor. The girls are accompanied by their Amas, or chaperones, but Galinda’s Ama Clutch stepped on a nail and had to go to the medic before Galinda boarded the train.

Galinda realizes that the Amas are arranging roommates. Left without representation, Galinda shamefully watches the more sophisticated girls pair up. Madame Morrible announces that the rest of the girls must live together in a dormitory, as supervision is mandatory. Galinda protests, insisting that her Ama is on the way. Madame Morrible agrees to place Galinda into a dorm with one other girl on the condition that her Ama will watch over both girls. Galinda agrees, and Madame Morrible introduces Galinda to Elphaba.

Ama Clutch arrives the next day, happy to help both girls. Out of Elphaba’s earshot, Galinda asks Ama if she’s noticed that Elphaba is green. Ama admits it’s a little odd but thinks exposure to different people will be good for Galinda. The night before, Galinda visited Madame Morrible to convince her that Ama Clutch couldn’t be responsible for too many girls, inventing a story that Ama fell off a cliff and damaged her brain. Madame Morrible replied that if Elphaba doesn’t like her situation, she will leave of her own accord. Although Galinda isn’t sure what Madame Morrible has against Elphaba, she suspects Madame Morrible is trying to recruit Galinda into a secretive campaign against Elphaba.

Elphaba spends much of her time curled up with a book. From afar, Galinda admires Elphaba’s hair and finds it “entrancing, the more so because the girl was otherwise so ugly” (89). Galinda forges friendships with the other, wealthier girls. Rumors start to spread about Elphaba among the girls. One of the girls recalls hearing that Elphaba is of the Thropp family, who were instrumental in forging a militia in Nest Hardings and tearing up the Yellow Brick Road in the years prior to the Glorious Revolution. They wonder how Elphaba seems so poor coming from such a well-regarded family on her mother’s side.

One night, after a tiff with her friends, Galinda retires to her room. She notices that Elphaba has a charming quality, as if she is unfinished. Elphaba tries on Galinda’s hat, and Galinda finds her surprisingly pretty. They chat about Elphaba’s book on unionist lectures. Elphaba tells Galinda that her father is a unionist minister, so she’s interested in knowing more about his ideology. One of the lectures is about good and evil and whether evil really exists. Galinda says evil is boredom, and she’s unmoored when Elphaba asks for her genuine opinions on evil. Galinda is unaccustomed to thinking seriously about her opinions, which she uses simply for social connections in conversation.

Madame Morrible hosts a poetry night for the girls and invites the boys from Three Queens College and the Ozma Towers. Male and Animal professors accompany the boys. Madame Morrible recites a poem that ends with the proclamation that animals should be seen and not heard, causing a stir in Doctor Dillamond and the other Animals. Because the poetry is recited, no one knows if the poet meant animals or Animals. Galinda is relieved when a short man from Munchkinland approaches her and Elphaba and introduces himself as Boq. He recognizes Elphaba from their childhood in Rush Margins, where his father was mayor. Elphaba insults him and storms off. Unoffended, Boq remarks to Galinda that he must not be mistaken, as there aren’t many green people in the world. Galinda posits that Elphaba doesn’t like being recognized by the color of her skin.

The next week, Doctor Dillamond asks the girls for their opinions on Animals, worried that they aren’t making the connection between the poetry night and current events. Embarrassed, all the girls rush out except for Elphaba.

When the second semester starts, Galinda tries and fails to switch roommates. She isn’t sure what to study, so Madame Morrible suggests sorcery. Elphaba’s younger sister will start school at Shiz the following year, and Madame Morrible implies that Galinda will certainly not want to be around the sister. If Galinda studies sorcery, she can move out of her dorm with Elphaba.

Part 2, Chapter 2 Summary: “Boq”

One night, Boq walks to Crage Hall hoping to run into Galinda, whom he hasn’t stopped thinking of since the poetry event. Instead, he runs into Elphaba, who teases him for looking for Galinda. Elphaba agrees to set up a meeting.

Three days later, Boq meets with Elphaba and Galinda. Galinda tells Boq that she’ll never be with him. His height, social standing, region of origin, and family history are incompatible with her background. They are interrupted by Ama Clutch, who shoos Boq away because the girls of Crage Hall are not allowed to fraternize with boys without permission and supervision. Boq is embarrassed when the girls walk away making fun of his looks.

Boq goes into the city and peruses the kiosks. He notices literature and slogans that criticize the Wizard’s move to take control of Oz from the Ozma Regent 16 years prior. Boq sits at a café with a new pamphlet from the Emerald City. The news is bleak; Animal uprisings and other protests have caused tension throughout the regions. Boq fears secessions. He looks up and spots Elphaba. She sits with him and shows him the fancy things she’s buying for her sister, Nessarose, who will soon attend Shiz. They talk about Galinda, whom Elphaba has grown fond of. She tells him about her work with Doctor Dillamond, whom Boq idolizes. They have been searching for a gene or characteristic that differentiates animals from Animals. Because Elphaba is a girl and Doctor Dillamond is a Goat, neither are allowed into the Briscoe Hall library, which houses precious documents that may help their studies. Boq volunteers to retrieve the resources, and Elphaba gratefully accepts. As they leave the café, they notice the absence of any Animals in the streets.

Boq involves his friends to help Elphaba. They try to find documents from old unionist philosophies about the origins of Animals. Legends tell the story of animals running from danger while those who stayed became Animals, or the story of a spell that turned some animals into Animals. Boq finds an old illustration of a witch with an animal in her grasp. Though he isn’t sure if the witch is drowning or saving the animal, he logs the illustration to show Elphaba.

Boq is forever changed one day when he runs into Elphaba, Galinda, and other Crage Hall girls in a huddle. Elphaba tells him that Doctor Dillamond is dead, and Boq spots a medic covering Doctor Dillamond with a blanket, his throat cut open. The night before, Ama Clutch had noticed something odd happening in Doctor Dillamond’s lab from the window of their dorm. Ama Clutch went down without saying anything to the girls and never came back; she’s now hospitalized. Galinda cries for Ama Clutch, but Boq is disgusted that anyone could think of Ama when Doctor Dillamond is dead.

Part 2, Chapter 3 Summary: “The Charmed Circle”

Ama Clutch stays in the hospital, muddled and smiley. Galinda starts going by the name “Glinda” in honor of Doctor Dillamond, who misunderstood her name when they first met. Without Ama, Glinda and Elphaba call for Nanny to accompany Nessarose and act as Ama.

Boq meets Nanny and Nessarose at the train station. Nanny tells Boq about their family and brags that Elphaba will one day take over the title of Eminent Thropp.

Glinda has learned a difficult lesson. She feels guilty that she lied about Ama Clutch’s tumble over the cliff, believing the lie manifested Ama’s new, real mental break. Glinda is now close with Elphaba and hopes that Nessarose’s arrival won’t impede their friendship. Elphaba told Glinda Nessarose’s story before her arrival: Nessarose was born without arms on a night when townspeople had made a human sacrifice of Turtle Heart, whom Elphaba knew as a friend of the family. In homage to Turtle Heart, Frex moved his family to Quadling Country to preach. Their mother Melena lived five more years before dying in childbirth with their brother Shell. In the years after Melena’s death, the Quadlings were rounded up, placed in settlement camps, and mostly killed off. Animals were drafted back to the countryside to work the land and give the people a false sense of empowerment. Elphaba emphasizes to Glinda, “It’s a systematic marginalizing of populations, Glinda, that’s what the Wizard’s all about” (152).

Glinda tries to devote herself to her studies, but she finds no natural ability in sorcery. She works hard and is supported by a clumsy teacher, Miss Greyling. Elphaba asks why a university founded in unionist beliefs would teach sorcery. Glinda argues that sorcery is not religious or irreligious; it’s simply a skill to learn like reading or writing. Boq and Elphaba attend the same class taught by Doctor Nikidik. Their lecture is interrupted by a new student, a Winkie from the Vinkus. His entrance disrupts Doctor Nikidik’s presentation, and his potion goes awry and bewitches a set of decorative antlers that pin the Winkie to the wall.

Glinda asks Miss Greyling why Doctor Nikidik’s demonstration is considered life sciences when it operated as a spell. Miss Greyling details the differences between science and sorcery. While science seeks to break down elements of the world for understanding, sorcery synthesizes these elements to create and heal. In the next lecture, the Winkie takes a seat far away from the front. A classmate named Avaric criticizes the Winkie’s bluish-diamond skin and claims he heard that the Winkie’s name is Fiyero and that he’s a prince in his home county.

For his next lecture, Doctor Nikidik brings out a shivering young lion cub and asks the room if the cub is an animal or an Animal. Elphaba stands and declares that its mother can testify to that and asks why the cub has been separated from its mother. Other students posit that because the cub is too young to have learned any language, it’s impossible to tell between Animal or animal. Doctor Nikidik proposes that, in cauterizing the part of the lion’s brain responsible for language, he can erase its pain. The cub runs away from the professor amid the students’ protests. Two girls chase after the lion cub and rescue him, running away with him in their aprons.

Madame Morrible calls Nessarose, Nanny, and Elphaba in for a meeting. She says she’s heard from their father, who has taken on a mission to return the Ozma Regent to power. Madame Morrible warns them that the school doesn’t take kindly to royalist views, but Nessarose assures her that she only believes in the Unnamed God, and Elphaba declares that she doesn’t care about any of it. Frex has also sent a package for Nessarose that contains red shoes that sparkle with crystals, which he learned to make from Turtle Heart.

Later, the group of friends stay out late. Fiyero tells them about his marriage at age seven to a girl he will not really be with until age 20. Nessarose and Elphaba tell funny stories about their father, partially to help ease Elphaba’s resentment at being overlooked. Nessarose tells everyone how much Frex loved Elphaba’s singing. The friends demand a song, and the entire pub is transfixed by Elphaba’s beautiful voice.

Glinda receives word that Ama Clutch is on her deathbed. She and her closest friends go to say their goodbyes. Before she dies, Ama Clutch tells Elphaba and Glinda that Grommetik, Madame Morrible’s tiktok, killed Doctor Dillamond.

Madame Morrible hosts a reception after Ama Clutch’s funeral. When all the guests have gone, she sits down with Glinda, Elphaba, and Nessarose. Morrible claims that she sent Grommetik to the lab with a pot of tea, and Grommetik found Doctor Dillamond dead from a lab accident. Morrible believes that Ama Clutch must have been so shocked that her mental condition regressed. But Morrible has a more serious reason for meeting with the girls: She has been assigned by great powers to find women who can help the Wizard heal the violently strained intercultural wars raging throughout Oz. Morrible wants to train the girls to serve their country as powerful agents for the Wizard.

Elphaba convinces Glinda to go to the Emerald City to meet the Wizard. Emerald City is mammoth and seems misplaced in the horizon of the countryside. As they walk, Elphaba notes that there are no Animals around; she suspects that they’ve all gone into hiding. Elphaba and Glinda wait five days and endure several interviews before they can meet with the Wizard. When they are finally given an audience, they are initially scared off by the sight of him; he seems to be an amalgam of lights and rain. His voice is large and aggressive. Elphaba reports the murder of a great mind. The Wizard dismisses Doctor Dillamond as a mere animal.

Elphaba refuses to return to Shiz. Glinda protests, and the friends say a tearful goodbye.

Part 2, Chapters 1-3 Analysis

Glinda’s introduction firmly entrenches the reader in the world of Oz. Although allusions to Oz were established in Part 1, meeting Glinda gives context to the many allusions to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which Glinda the Good Witch helps Dorothy save Oz from the Wicked Witch of the West (who is green). Maguire’s adaptation plays on themes from the original to challenge the reader’s view of its classic stock villain. In addition to reimagining Glinda the Good Witch, Maguire also plays with the original Elphaba’s relationship to animals. In Wicked, Elphaba is an empathetic ally of Animals, who act and perceive the world as humans do but live in animal bodies.

Maguire pulls Elphaba’s relationship to Animals from the original text by Baum, in which the Wicked Witch of the West controls animals as her familiars, whom she uses to attack Dorothy. Thus, Maguire challenges the original text’s notion that Elphaba is controlling by crafting a new narrative that portrays an alliance between Elphaba and Animals, who are all marginalized by society. Maguire also alludes to Dorothy’s ruby red shoes, made iconic by the costume worn by Judy Garland in the 1939 film adaptation of Baum’s book. In Wicked, these shoes are a gift to Nessarose. Somehow, the shoes wind up in Dorothy’s possession, and Elphaba will try to take them back—this is an important scene in the original book and the movie adaptation, in which the Wicked Witch of the West terrorizes Dorothy to get her shoes. Here, Maguire gives context for Elphaba’s obsession with the shoes.

When Glinda is introduced, she is immediately characterized as a foil to Elphaba. While Elphaba is considered ugly, odd, and discomfiting, Glinda is pretty, socially graceful, and likable. Elphaba is intellectual and interested in the world around her, while Glinda is superficial and more concerned with fitting in. Elphaba was raised in shame, while Glinda was raised with adoration and pride. These juxtapositions are important because they inform the girls’ friendship. It is precisely because these two young women are so different that they become friends; they each bring out hidden layers in the other. Because of their polarity, they can reveal certain parts of themselves without judgment, which leads to a deep and protective friendship. With Elphaba, Galinda is respected for her mind. With Galinda, Elphaba is respected for her daring attitude about the world. They serve a yin-and-yang symbolism in which both have flaws that can be helped by the other. The implication is that they are strong as individuals but potentially unstoppable as a united front.

But before readers can appreciate this duality, Maguire must reconstruct Glinda’s character. He introduces her as superficial, divorced from her intellect, and overly concerned with external opinions. When she first moves to Shiz, Glinda considers herself smart until she discovers how little she knows about the world. Glinda’s journey to Shiz is typical of the big-fish-in-a-small-pond mentality that often characterizes the adolescent experiences of teens. Back home, Glinda was the smartest, the prettiest, the most admirable, but in Shiz, she is merely a very small fish in a very big pond. She must discover her identity and purpose in this wider world, and that learning experience is key to her growth. Had Glinda never left home, her mind wouldn’t have been expanded, nor would she have developed into a more mature and intellectually powerful woman. This emphasizes the importance of traveling outside your comfort zone and exposing yourself to new people, knowledge, and ideas. It also parallels many young people’s experiences when they first go to college and must adapt to new surroundings.

Another parallel to the reader’s world is Maguire’s portrayal of animals versus Animals. The capital “A” implies sentience and consciousness. In Maguire’s constructed world, Animals have a human soul and consciousness in an animal’s body, making Animal Rights an analogue for civil and human rights.

In contemporary societies, there are discussions and controversies about animal testing, animal poaching, and the moral issue of helping endangered species. But the issue of animal rights tends to be a subcultural concern, one that certain activists are interested in, but not one that catalyzes broader society to action. In Wicked, Maguire enhances this issue by making animals Animals, thus casting Animal Rights as an issue of racism, bigotry, and marginalization. The laws passed by the Wizard that ban Animal travel recall historical laws on migration, travel, and work imposed on Black and Asian Americans. That Elphaba and Boq are among the few people disturbed by these laws indicates how unprogressive Oz is and demonstrates how prejudicial laws rely on a society’s silence. For example, Glinda changes her name to honor Doctor Dillamond after his murder, but she is not an activist or an ally to the Animal cause. She is merely a sympathetic observer.

As was foreshadowed in Part 1, the Oz of Part 2 is a different world. Society has indeed changed: The Wizard wrested power from the Ozma Regent, militias and armies fought in a revolution, and entire regions of Oz have been culturally and physically decimated in the pursuit of an interconnected Oz. Though Animals have been stripped of their rights, there are signs of progress in other areas, as indicated by the fact that people don’t seem bothered by Elphaba’s green skin anymore. They still view it as an oddity but tend to find her manners more off-putting.

Another issue explored in these chapters is the purpose of education, particularly in a society marked by significant strife and change. Through Elphaba and Glinda’s university experiences, Maguire asks readers to consider whether education exists for true inquiry or to repeat cycles of ideology. The latter is exemplified by Madame Morrible, who uses her power as a headmistress to propagate propaganda from the Wizard. Madame Morrible has a strict code of decorum for her students, and she chides them when they try to engage her in debate. Morrible perpetuates oppressive cycles of power by keeping the girls in weaker positions compared to men and by using shame and intimidation to keep the girls under her control. Doctor Dillamond, meanwhile, encourages his students to think critically about the world around them. These different philosophies of education battle against one another at the expense of the students. It especially holds the girls back from realizing their full potential, reinforcing the strict gender roles and expectations that exist in Oz.

Because Boq and Fiyero are young men, they experience an entirely different type of education that is based on respect and leadership. While the boys enjoy considerable freedom and autonomy, the young women are constantly supervised. Elphaba is more able to be herself when she is with her male friends, as the boys were not taught the same type of competition between women that Glinda has internalized. The book’s gendered dynamics position Glinda and Elphaba has potentially powerful but hindered by their sex. This is further emphasized by Elphaba’s younger brother, Shell, who is the son her parents always wanted and who—notably—was born without physical deformities like Elphaba and Nessarose. Frex and Melena’s girls challenged their perceptions of parenthood, while their son fulfilled all their wishes.

Maguire uses numerous literary devices to develop his narrative. He uses names symbolically; for example, Madame Morrible evokes the word “horrible,” which reflects her abhorrent behavior. He also uses introduces a motif about cause and effect. For example, Glinda believes that she manifested Ama Clutch’s mental deterioration and death, convinced that her lie about Ama Clutch falling down the cliff cursed Ama Clutch to that exact fate. This recalls the same thought process exhibited by Melena and Frex in Part 1, when they worried that Elphaba’s green skin was punishment for their actions. This recuring motif speaks to the human desire to make sense of the world by finding meaning in coincidence, superstition, and guilt.

Part 2 ends with Glinda and Elphaba’s separation. Elphaba opts to leave Shiz because she sees through Madame Morrible’s schemes and refuses to be part of her plan. Elphaba instead decides to forge her own destiny, while Glinda returns to Shiz, unable to relinquish the comfort and security of a more predictable future.

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