61 pages • 2 hours read
Don DeLilloA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
An intense heatwave marks the summer of 1974. Wooden doors warp in their frames and people are forced to sleep on the roofs of their buildings. Aged 54, Klara Sax is in the midst of a romantic fling with an “essentially artless” movie distributor and documentary maker named Miles Lightman. He is fascinated that Klara collects garbage and repurposes it for her art. They watch a documentary about the Rolling Stones going on tour in America and Klara meets Acey, another artist. She also meets an amateur art collector named Carlo Strasser, but she feels as though she has lost her artistic inspiration. Teresa, Klara’s daughter, visits while the garbage collectors are on strike, and the city streets are overwhelmed by the uncollected, rotting garbage. Klara feels awkward and depressed in her daughter’s company. She and Teresa do not have much of a relationship, and this saddens Klara. Esther, Klara’s art dealer friend, wants Klara to travel around the Bronx with her to track down a graffiti artist named Moonman 157. He is famous for graffitiing entire train carriages. They find one of the trains he has painted and then find an address where he may be residing. When they visit the neighborhood, however, they discover that whole block has burned to the ground.
Matt Shay is a weapons researcher, performing “consequence analysis, figuring out the lurid mathematics of a nuclear accident or limited exchange” (401). He works on a missile range in the New Mexico desert. His coworker Eric eats lunch with Matt most days. Eric takes great joy in spreading elaborate rumors about what would happen in the aftermath of a nuclear strike. These conspiracies help him feel “the edge. The bite. The existential burn” (406). Matt, meanwhile, welcomes any distraction from his work. He thinks about how his father abandoned the family when Matt was six years old. Matt is thinking about going camping with his current girlfriend, Janet. He feels the need to practice his driving before the trip, so he borrows a car. While driving, he sees a group of people protesting nuclear weapons on the perimeter of the missile range. Matt tries to talk to one of the protesters, but she will not speak to him. Eventually, they make small talk and Matt discusses “the need to match our weapons against theirs” (419). She is not impressed. At Eric’s party, Matt smokes “something that [makes] him immobile” (420). Driving the next day, he struggles to remember his strange conversation with Eric.
Klara visits a cinema with Miles, Esther, and Jack, Esther’s husband. They attend a screening of Unterwelt, the “legendary lost film” of Sergei Eisenstein (424), which is accompanied by a live music performance. The film itself is completely silent, depicting a “mad scientist” who fires a laser at prisoners. Klara thinks about the film’s director, Eisenstein. She wonders whether he intended the film to be an analogy for the Cold War. During the intermission, she wonders whether she is actually enjoying the film.
While they watch the film, Moonman 157 paints a train carriage. Moonman is actually Ismael Munoz, aged 16. He has a small crew of graffiti artists to help him with the painting. As they prepare, Ismael thinks about the jazz musician Charlie Parker and the woman who is carrying his child. He is not interested in seeing her. The crew visits an abandoned subway station. Ismael thinks about another time that he visited this station. On that occasion, he was sexually abused by a man he didn’t know. Ismael returned to the man and had sex with him. Ismael occasionally has “sex with men because some habits you drop and others you come to rely on” (437). He begins painting the carriage, wondering who will see his art. He appreciates the way in which the painted carriages travel around the city, forcing the city’s inhabitants to acknowledge his existence and his stories of “tenement life, good and bad but mostly good” (440). When crew members ask Ismael about the girl, he declines to answer.
After the intermission, Klara returns to her seat. She becomes increasingly invested in the film and ponders the “contradictions of being” that Eisenstein explores (444). After, the film is all she can think about.
Though Matt is still thinking about his “paranoid episode” the night before, he and Janet go camping. Matt is delighted to escape his work and be with Janet, who seems nervous. He imagines their future, hoping that he will be able to quit his job. Their interactions are a little awkward; they have been together for some time but Matt’s job means that they do not live near one another. As they travel, Matt feels the overwhelming presence of the military everywhere. They sign a liability release acknowledging that they will be camping near an area where military training takes place. They identify the local wildlife and plants using books Matt packed for the trip. Whenever he tries to bring up the subject of quitting his job, Janet insists that he should stay put. She believes that he makes “weapons safer.” This will mean that they must continue their long-distance relationship.
Matt tries to voice his concerns about the morality of working on weapons systems. To Janet, however, his work makes her feel safe. She is convinced that the Soviet Union is developing something more terrible than anything Matt could imagine, so he must work on weapons to protect her. He tells her “the story” about his father leaving. They spot an eagle. One evening, they camp in an abandoned bunker. The setting makes Matt think of his tour of Vietnam. He did not want to join the war but he felt a sense of responsibility. Matt walks out of the bunker and into the woods. He wants to watch the sun rise. Sitting on the ground, he waits for the light to appear. The sun rises behind him and Matt realizes that he has been facing “the wrong direction” the entire time (467). They end their camping trip and drive home, “not yet ready to talk to each other” (468).
As her “rooftop summer” continues (469), Klara feels despondent and unenthused about her work. However, she misses creating art. She discusses the problem with Acey, who is also struggling. Klara talks about her relationship with Miles, which is on the verge of ending because he isn’t ready for commitment. They get along well but she cannot imagine herself marrying him. She tells Acey about having an affair with a “juvenile delinquent” when she was still married to Arthur. The delinquent, it is later revealed, was Nick. Klara loudly cheerleads Acey’s latest project but does not disagree with Miles when he claims that “her stuff is all show” (479). To regain her inspiration, Klara decides to stay in Esther’s home in Sagaponack. Though she waits for some time, the inspiration never arrives. She spends most of her time visiting Esther’s husband, Jack, in the hospital and reflects on how she came to change her name following her divorce. Miles tells her about a showing of a film that will make her “hate him” but that she must see. At the end of the summer, Acey premieres her new collection. In the collection, she has painted the portraits of a number of Hollywood starlets. The collection reviews are negative, but Klara is jealous that Acey was able to produce something. After attending a screening of the film Miles urged her to see—the Zapruder film of JFK’s assassination—Klara ends her relationship with Miles. Shortly after, she marries Carlo Strasser.
At the beginning of the novel, Klara has reached the summit of her artistic expression. Her narrative over the ensuing chapters is an exploration of how she reached this summit, told largely in reverse chronological order. In later life, she repaints abandoned planes to draw attention to the waste of the Cold War. In earlier life, she is searching for a means to express her Social Alienation and disillusionment. There are hints at her artistic development, such as her interest in garbage. She collects garbage so often that she is nicknamed Bag Lady. Though she has not quite perfected her end product, Klara’s interest in what America throws away is central to her character. In this sense, she shares a great deal in common with Ismael, whom she only knows as Moonman 157. Ismael paints graffiti murals on the sides of trains that depict the most marginalized and poorest members of society. The murals are a reminder to the rich, mainstream society that people like Ismael have been discarded, just like the garbage that Klara collects. In Part 4, Klara searches for him with her friend Esther. She wants to “collect” Ismael, too, so that Esther can recruit him into the mainstream art world. They never meet, and later in life, Ismael continues to languish in poverty while Klara achieves success.
Ismael’s past is also explored in Part 4. Ismael is a marginalized figure with a troubled past. He is a sexual-abuse survivor, as well as an absent father and a criminal. He steals Perrier water to drink while he paints, while refusing to speak to the woman he has impregnated. Ironically, however, he cares for a group of similarly impoverished youths, giving them purpose in their lives and helping them to develop as artists. At the same time, he is ashamed of his past and his interest in men. He sneaks into the abandoned parts of the city to satisfy his desires, but he refuses to talk about them in the open. In a very literal sense, he descends into the eponymous underworld to satisfy the needs that his traumatic past has made shameful in his mind. This shame is combined with a desire to force society to recognize his existence. The murals he paints on the sides of trains are defiant in nature, forcing the wealthy city to acknowledge his existence. He weaponizes the city’s social infrastructure, turning the entire train network into pages in his autobiography.
The portrayal of the Zapruder film in Chapter 5 reveals the complicated relationship between audience and media. Klara is told by Miles that she will hate the experience, and he is right. However, she watches the video of John F. Kennedy’s assassination over and over again. She cannot take her eyes off the screen, much like Matt cannot stop watching the video of the Texas Highway Killer. The presentation of a real-world event as though it were a motion picture creates a cognitive dissonance in Klara’s mind. She struggles to equate her understanding of history with the way in which she views and interprets art. She finds herself constantly interrogating the film, searching for meaning, even though there is so much that is not available to her. At one point, she even convinces herself that the shot comes from a completely different angle, suggesting that she may believe the conspiracy theories surrounding Kennedy’s assassination. Once the film screening is over, however, she does not want to talk about it. She breaks up with Miles shortly after. Klara’s horror and disgust as well as her obsession with the film illustrate her complicated relationship with art.
Part 4 also shows Klara adopting her final identity as “Klara Sax,” the name she goes by when Nick reunites with her in Part 1. Prior to this, Klara’s surname has reflected her status as a woman in a patriarchal society—first as a daughter, then as a wife. When she changes her name to Klara Sax, she is asserting a new identity for herself, one that has nothing to do with her relationships to men and everything to do with her self-conception. First and foremost Klara identifies as an artist, and therefore the name she chooses is the one she has been using to sign her paintings. In this way, she rejects the trap of Consumerism and Identity that so many other characters fall prey to. Rather than seeking her identity in the relentless acquisition of material goods, she reflects on how she wants to be perceived, and then “sells” that identity to others in the form of her signed artwork. Her self-awareness enables her to find an identity that is much more satisfying and meaningful to her than her previous ones.
By Don DeLillo