52 pages • 1 hour read
August WilsonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
It’s a new day, and Risa is sitting at the counter. She has posted the flier for the rally. Sterling enters carrying a gas can and flowers. He gives the flowers to Risa, but she questions where he got them. Sterling admits that he took them from the funeral parlor because paying for flowers is something that only white people do. Risa doesn’t want flowers that were stolen from a dead man, but Sterling asserts that Prophet Samuel doesn’t care anymore and that the funeral has been delayed because so many people still want to view the body. Therefore, the space is overflowing with flowers. Sterling adds, “Hell, a flower’s a flower. They gonna be dead in a minute if you don’t put them in some water. They gonna be dead in two or three days even if you do” (58). He considers buying flowers a waste of money, especially for the dead. Risa puts the flowers in a glass of water. Risa tells Sterling that when West comes by, he’ll ask about the flowers, and Risa plans to tell him where they came from. Sterling doesn’t care if she does and is certain that West won’t care either since he’d just end up having to dump them out anyways.
Holloway enters, and Sterling immediately asks if he thinks that Aunt Ester is over her illness. Holloway suggests that he go back to 1839 Wylie and knock on the red door. Sterling says that he wants to ask her about Risa and says, “I asked God to send me an angel He said he couldn’t do that but he’d send me a teasing brown. I wanna find out if you her” (59). Risa notices the gas can, and Sterling says that he found it, full of gas, in the alley behind the drugstore. Risa muses, “You done went and stole somebody’s gas” (59). Hambone enters, and Sterling greets him cheerfully, prompting him to say, “Black is beautiful” (59), but Hambone immediately starts repeating his lines about ham. Sterling promises to help Hambone get his ham and calls him a brother. He prompts Hambone to repeat the phrase: “United we stand… divided we fall” (59). Sterling tells Hambone that he learned the saying in prison and asks if Hambone has ever been in the penitentiary. Suddenly, Sterling yells, “I want my ham!” (60), and Hambone repeats it several times. Then Sterling inserts, “Malcolm lives!” (60), but Hambone just responds, “I want my ham!” (60). Memphis enters in the middle of this and tells them to stop shouting or go somewhere else to do it.
Sterling offers to sell Memphis the gas for $2, which Memphis pays. Sterling jokes about Memphis letting him borrow his Cadillac, but Memphis isn’t amused. Sterling exits. Memphis sees Hambone eating beans and asks Risa if he paid for them or if Risa wants to pay for him. Hambone pays the 65¢, and Memphis tells him to finish eating and go, but then tells Risa to give him another muffin. The phone rings and Memphis answers, snapping, “Wolf don’t work here” (62). Annoyed, Memphis tells Risa that Wolf is not allowed to run the numbers game from the restaurant because Memphis doesn’t want to end up arrested for racketeering. Sterling returns with the gas can, but Memphis tells him to get it out of the restaurant. Wolf comes in and greets everyone. He smells short ribs and wants to order some, but Risa says that they aren’t ready, so Wolf orders some beans to eat while he waits. Wolf gives Sterling a paper bag containing a gun and tells him that the seller wants $20 for it. Sterling only has $2, so Wolf offers to lend him the money. Sterling promises to pay him back next week.
Before he leaves, Sterling gives $2 to Wolf to play in the number 781, adding that if he wins, he and Risa are going to get married. Memphis gripes that he expects Sterling to be back in the penitentiary within three weeks. The phone rings again, and Memphis beats Wolf to the phone, once again barking, “Wolf doesn’t work here” and slamming the phone down. Wolf is upset that Memphis is disrupting his livelihood, but Memphis tells him to take the numbers game elsewhere. Wolf pays for his food, grumbling that he needs to leave before he gets himself into trouble. Memphis squares off, “You gonna do more than get in trouble if you messing with me” (63). Wolf replies that he hadn’t even said anything confrontational to Memphis and doesn’t understand why Memphis is trying to pick a fight. Memphis asserts that it’s his restaurant and accuses Wolf of telling people to call him there. Wolf insists that he doesn’t. They just know that he frequents the restaurant, and people leave him messages everywhere. Memphis tells him that he won’t be getting any more messages from him, and Wolf leaves.
Memphis barks orders at Risa and tells her not to burn the short ribs. West enters and complains that someone broke one of his big windows. He doesn’t care how many more people are waiting to see Prophet Samuel, he’s burying him tomorrow. Risa suggests that he board it up, but West refuses because when he was in a worse location, he had to put boards in the windows because he could never get anyone to come and fix anything. Now, he won’t settle for that. West confirms that someone attempted to break in through the basement window. West has hired Mason, a retired police officer, to guard the place. Holloway notes that no one will want to mess with Mason, since he killed a lot of Black men while he was a police officer. West changes the subject to Memphis’s meeting with the city. This time, West offers Memphis $20,000, but he gets $15,000 now and $5,000 after West sells to the city. West has two properties that have burned down, and he’s fighting with the insurance companies to get paid. He plans to leverage his properties and sell everything together, which means that it will take a long time to get paid. Memphis is annoyed at this deal, which means that West will make a lot more money from his property than $5,000, but West explains that it’s just how business works.
Memphis says that he understands, but that’s why he plans to go back to the city and demand $25,000. He also reiterates that he plans to go back to Jackson one day and get his land back, as he still has the deed. When Memphis bought the small piece of farmland, he was told that there was no water on it, but Memphis’s grandfather has a talent for finding water, and he told Memphis where to dig. Memphis had to dig 60 feet down over the course of six months, but then he was able to plant a crop. The seller, Jim Stovall, found out and informed him that the deed states that the sale becomes null and void if water is found on the property. Memphis tried to fight in court. Stovall arranged a mob of men to harass and intimidate him, although he claimed no responsibility for it. The men killed Memphis’s mule in front of him by slicing open his belly. Then one of them cut off the mule’s penis. Memphis laments that he had loved the mule, who reminded him of himself. He had even once arranged for the mule to mate with another mule, even though mules can’t reproduce, because he thought that the mule had earned it for all of his hard work, but Memphis saw the message they were sending about what they would do to him, and he promised to stop making trouble.
The judge declared the deed null and void. Walking home from the courthouse, Memphis was wary and alert, but no one attacked him. When he got home, however, he saw that his crop was burning, describing, “To get to my house I’d have to walk through fire” (67). Instead, Memphis left town. He was waylaid for five years by a relationship with a woman in Natchez, but then he moved to Pittsburgh in 1936. He reiterates, “But I’m going back one of these days” (68). Sterling enters. Seeing West, he presses him for a job opportunity, offering to drive or wash West’s Cadillacs. Sterling admits that he has been in prison, but states that he doesn’t ever want to go back. West tells him that he doesn’t need anyone but will let Sterling know if he ever does. Holloway asks if he went back to see Aunt Ester, and Sterling says that he did, but she was asleep. Holloway encourages him to go back after giving her time to rest. Holloway says that West has been to see her, which West agrees is true.
West doesn’t believe that Aunt Ester is 322 years old. He met her 22 years ago and thought that she looked like she might be 100, but since West hasn’t seen her since then, he can’t attest that she is even still alive. The oldest person he ever buried was one 112, and West doubts that anyone could live much longer. Holloway insists that he has seen her and asks why West went. West tells them that when his wife died, his perspective on death had changed. Before, he had only seen death as his business, but his wife’s death made him realize that life is only an instant compared to the permanence of death, and that life snuffs out easily while death can’t be stopped. West went to see Aunt Ester to find out if his wife was in heaven, but Aunt Ester told him to go and throw $20 into the river and return. West was horrified at the idea. He was happy to give her $20, but he wouldn’t throw it away. Holloway affirms that this is why he won’t get his answer. West agrees that he’ll never know if he has to throw money into the river to find out and asks what Holloway received for his $20.
Holloway explains that he wanted to kill his grandfather. His grandfather had revered white people and believed that god was essentially a white plantation owner, and “he couldn’t wait to die to get up in heaven to pick cotton” (71). If he ever overheard another Black man talking about stealing some extra food or cheating the white men, he would immediately turn them in. The white owners would give him some bacon for his betrayal, but Holloway’s grandmother would always throw the bacon into the trash. His grandmother had expressed how much she regretted tying herself to her husband. Holloway became obsessed with his hatred and desire to kill his grandfather. It was destroying his life and relationships. He went to see Aunt Ester and threw $20 into the river once a week for a month, but the urge went away, and his grandfather died of pneumonia after he was turned away from the hospital for having no health insurance.
West tells Memphis to let him know if he changes his mind and wants to sell. Then he exits. Sterling announces that as soon as he has some money, he’ll go back to see Aunt Ester and will gladly throw it in the river if she’ll help him get a job. Holloway agrees with this. Sterling mentions that at the steel mill, there are five or six hundred people lined up every day. He suggests to Memphis that they have Risa make fried chicken sandwiches and start a food truck. Memphis is uninterested, stating that he already has a business. Rising to leave, Sterling promises that if 781 wins at the numbers, he won’t even need to start a business and that he was going to marry Risa. Risa doesn’t respond to this. Before exiting, Sterling comments that he’ll let Memphis know if he “finds” any more gas to sell. Memphis muses that he expects Sterling to end up back in prison in two weeks rather than three.
Risa sits at the counter and Holloway enters. He asks if she has seen Hambone, but she hasn’t. He also hasn’t been to see Lutz that morning. Risa suggests that perhaps he finally decided to move on, but Holloway points out that Hambone hasn’t missed a day of asking Lutz for his ham in nine-and-a-half years, and he doubts that Hambone would get tired of waiting. Wolf enters and exclaims that West is dealing with a huge mess trying to bury Prophet Samuel. Mourners have clogged up the road, and the police are involved. Holloway talks about an even bigger funeral for someone called Patchneck Red: People had come from different cities as well as 11 Cadillacs full of women from Las Vegas. Wolf has been helping Holloway look for Hambone, but no one has seen him. Wolf comments that if his number had hit, he would be in Atlanta right now. He has two women there, but he can’t go without money because one of the women thinks that he is rich. When Wolf last saw her, he’d had $700 on him and spent $200 on the woman. Holloway mentions Wolf’s fight with Memphis the previous day, but Wolf isn’t worried and says that he knows Memphis and that Memphis is fortunate that Wolf understands him.
Memphis enters and Holloway asks about Hambone, but Memphis hasn’t seen him either. There is visible tension between Memphis and Wolf. Holloway asks to place a 10¢ bet, but Wolf says pointedly that he needs to get Memphis’s permission. Memphis states that he just wanted Wolf to stop using the restaurant’s phone, and Wolf agrees, taking Holloway’s bet. Wolf is concerned because Sterling’s number has won, but apparently a lot of people in the city bet on the same number. Because of this, the Albert family, who runs the game, is only paying half the reward. Most people who play understand that this happens occasionally, but Wolf is afraid that Sterling won’t. He asks Holloway to help Sterling see that it isn’t his fault and considers getting his pistol out of the pawnshop. Holloway suggests that Wolf go ahead and get his pistol, because Sterling is going to decide that he is owed his full winnings and that Wolf must be getting a cut of the money Sterling is supposed to get. If there’s a confrontation, Holloway is sure that West will be burying either Sterling or Wolf and that if Sterling tries to confront the Alberts, it will be Sterling in a closed casket.
Holloway tells Wolf that at 65 years old, he himself doesn’t want to get involved and has no intention of telling Sterling anything. Wolf decides to get his pistol and leaves. Holloway comments about how the Alberts set up the numbers game to give themselves the advantage: When a lot of people win, they cut the winnings, but they never do any cutting when a lot of people lose. Memphis argues that cutting winnings is just an expected part of the game. He sees the flier for the Malcolm X rally and angrily takes it down. Memphis exclaims that Black people always want to start the fight for justice, but they give up when it doesn’t go their way. Memphis warns Risa that she ought to stay away from Sterling, who he expects to end up back in prison. Holloway agrees, noting that Sterling has now got a gun and that a Black person with a gun makes all of the white people anxious. He asserts that you can get arrested for even talking about guns and Black people together. Memphis replies, “As young and as crazy as that boy is, he needs to carry one” (78).
Sterling enters, looking for Wolf. Risa tells him that Wolf just left and said he would return. Sterling just came from the cemetery and Prophet Samuel’s burial. He asks if Risa went, but Risa is bothered that so many people want to see the prophet buried when they didn’t care about him in life. Sterling contends that all of life works that way: No one is interested in you until you die, and then it makes them feel special to say that they knew you. Sterling adds, “You always have more followers when you dead than when you living” (78). Risa thinks that those people are hypocrites, and she shows Sterling her membership card from Prophet Samuel’s church. She insists, “Prophet Samuel wasn’t no preacher. He was a prophet like they have in the Bible. God sent him to help the colored people get justice” (79).
Memphis argues that Prophet Samuel was thinking about money, not justice: The man had everyone in his congregation tithing to him, and that’s what he cared about. Risa insists that according to Prophet Samuel, God will send a sign. Sterling notes that the moon seems closer, and he wonders if that might be a sign of the end of the world. Sterling asks them to tell Wolf that he’s trying to find him and exits. Memphis gives Risa her pay after negotiating about what she borrowed that needs to be deducted. Memphis mentions that his lawyer had promised to handle the entire situation with the city, but Memphis only plans to let him handle it to a point. Memphis starts to leave but then comes back and asks Holloway for Aunt Ester’s address; Holloway promptly replies, “1839 Wylie. In the back. Knock on the red door” (81).
Later that day, Risa is sweeping the floor and Wolf is sitting at a table. Holloway tells them about Hambone, who was found dead by his landlady. He died peacefully, but he has no family and no one even knows his real name. Risa says, “That’s a shame. Lutz gonna rot in hell” (82). Risa sweeps over Wolf’s feet, and Wolf gets upset because he thinks it’s bad luck to get one’s feet swept like that. She tells him that he should keep his feet out of the way. They talk about other things that cause bad luck, such as breaking mirrors or opening an umbrella inside the house. West enters, having finished Prophet Samuel’s funeral only to have to go and pick up Hambone’s body. He notes that Hambone’s body is covered in scars. West is holding the viewing tomorrow, which he is doing for free, and burying Hambone on Saturday. Risa is bothered by the idea that Hambone will be buried in a welfare casket, but something better would cost at least twice as much as welfare will pay. West insists that he must cover his costs and that he can’t afford to give things away.
Sterling enters, looking for Wolf. He tells Risa that once he gets his $1200, they should go to Vegas. Sterling suggests that West ought to come with them so Sterling can teach him how to gamble. West tells them that he was once a gambler, and he also ran numbers and bootlegged liquor; however, he realized one day that people around him were dying quickly, and he might as well make some money off that. West says that he never expected to be so successful. Sterling is making big plans with his money, including marrying Risa. West tells him that his wants and dreams are too much, which is why Sterling is never happy with what he gets. But Sterling doesn’t get it, telling Risa excitedly about his plans. Risa isn’t in the mood and goes back to talking about Hambone. Sterling didn’t realize that Hambone was dead, and he’s affected for a moment before regaining composure.
Wolf enters and Sterling greets him enthusiastically, asking for his money and talking about how he will spend it to marry Risa. Wolf breaks the bad news about his winnings, and Sterling replies that he’s going to go and see the Alberts and do whatever he needs to do to get his winnings. He threatens Wolf and demands the entire amount, but Wolf insists that he’s just doing a job for the Alberts and has no power in the situation. Sterling complains that this means that the wedding will have to wait, and Risa interjects to say that she never agreed to marry him in the first place. Sterling asserts that the situation is causing Risa to change her mind about him, and now he’s even more determined to confront the Alberts. Sterling gets his $600 from Wolf and states that he plans to give it back to the Alberts himself. Wolf tells him not to go, warning, “Them people don’t play” (87). Sterling agrees that he has no interest in playing games. He leaves, and Risa calls after him.
Risa sweeps the floor in the restaurant. Sterling enters and asks Risa if she wants to go with him to the rally. Risa tells him that when he left, he was planning to confront the Alberts, and no one knew if he would ever return. Sterling is surprised that anyone cared. He says that he spoke to the patriarch of the Albert family and demanded that his initial $2 be returned because he wanted to cancel his bet. Mr. Albert gave him $2 and told him to return his $600 winnings. Sterling refused, asserting, “That way I have something that belong to him for a change” (88). Mr. Albert had just given him an odd look and sent him on his way. As he was walking, Sterling noticed that Aunt Ester’s light was on, so he stopped and knocked on the door. After telling her everything about his life, Aunt Ester gave Sterling cryptic advice about learning not to overreach and working on what he has rather than what he wants. She also told him to throw $20 in the river, which he did. Aunt Ester told him that she is 349 years old (not 322). Additionally, Aunt Ester confirmed that God sent Risa to Sterling because he couldn’t send a real angel.
When Sterling finishes telling this story, Risa calls him crazy, but Sterling, undeterred, suggests that they move in together. He promises to take care of her and sings to her, but Risa insists she can take care of herself. Sterling tells her she is “everything a man need” (89), although he doesn’t know why she scarred her legs. Risa tells him that he won’t understand, and Sterling replies that Aunt Ester said she herself could tell that he is good at understanding things. Risa tries to explain that she cut herself to make her legs unattractive so men would stop looking at her, and that Sterling only wants her the way every man wants her. Sterling says that any man will still look at her because she has a nice body, and she only has to say no to them if she isn’t interested. Risa points out that she has been saying no to Sterling, but Sterling says that he can’t get her out of his mind. Risa doesn’t want to get involved with someone who is unemployed and will probably go back to prison.
Sterling tells her about the man who raised him before he went to the orphanage, Mr. Johnson, who worked 16-hour days. The steel mill wouldn’t let him get his union card and stopped him by firing him for two weeks every five-and-a-half months to keep him from meeting the six-month requirement. Then, Johnson would clean the fish market and have to be escorted out so he couldn’t steal anything. Sterling doesn’t want to work such a thankless job. If Risa doesn’t want to get married, Sterling asks teasingly if they can be cousins—kissing cousins—instead. Risa pushes him away. She has feelings for him but doesn’t want to spend her life worrying about what he might do. Risa tells him to go to the rally without her. Then, she puts a quarter in the jukebox, and Sterling is surprised that it works. Sterling asks her to dance, and Risa agrees. They dance and then kiss. Sterling exclaims, “Goddamn, baby!” (92) and tells her that she can be his first cousin. She relents, “I wanna be your only cousin,” and he agrees, “That too” (92). They kiss again.
It’s Saturday, and according to the menu board, Hambone’s funeral is today. Risa cooks, and Sterling stares out the window. From a booth, Holloway muses about the nature of death and love. He says that death comes for everyone, but love is pickier; most people don’t experience real love. The only two examples he can identify from his life are Bubba Boy and West, who he believes had true love with their wives. Holloway thinks that most people “play at it” (93) because ultimately, they aren’t willing to pay the costs of love. Wolf enters, having just stopped by the funeral home to pay his respects to Hambone, and comments that Hambone looked peaceful as if he were asleep. Sterling disagrees and thinks that he looked dead. Only a few people had signed the guest book. Wolf asks Risa if she plans to go over, but she says that she doesn’t want to see Hambone like that. Wolf mentions seeing all of them at the rally last night, and he was amazed at the turnout—3,000 people when they had only set up 500 chairs. Still, everything was peaceful, and no one fought or rioted. It seemed to Wolf that every Black person in town was there, even those who “swear up and down on two stacks of Bibles that they ain’t Black” (94). The police had also been taking pictures of everyone, and Sterling says that he smiled for his.
Wolf talks about the drugstore that burned down the night before. It’s rumored that the fire was started by Black people as a show of Black power. Holloway points out that this is ridiculous gossip and that it’s obvious that the owner burned it down for insurance money—but, he adds, rest assured that someone will be arrested and sent to prison for it. A third-party arsonist, an accusation that will be backed by the fire inspector, will make it easier for the owner to get paid, so he’ll be living the high life on his payout while someone sits in jail for three years, because “that’s the way it works in America” (95). Wolf tells everyone about another man in the community who caught his wife cheating with his best friend and killed them both. Wolf proclaims that this is why he never settles for one woman at a time; he doesn’t want to have to put all of his trust in one woman. West enters, and they all greet him. West asks whether Memphis has come back from the courthouse yet, and Holloway hopes that Memphis didn’t do something unwise and end up in jail, noting that the courthouse is already closed. Sterling compliments West on the work he did on Hambone.
West tells them that Lutz stopped by to see Hambone, and Risa spits, “Lutz gonna rot in hell,” and Wolf replies, “Lutz gonna go to hell with a ham under each arm” (96). Sterling pays Wolf the $20 he owes and then gives Risa the rest of his money, asking her to hold it while he does something. After Sterling exits, Wolf asks Risa if there’s something between her and Sterling. Risa gets defensive, but Wolf tells her that he likes Sterling and thinks it would be a good thing. Memphis walks in, singing and obviously drunk. He tells everyone that there’s a woman who works at the bar by the courthouse who promised to wait for him when she gets off work. Memphis tells Holloway that he threw $20 in the river after talking to Aunt Ester. She had advised, “If you can’t fight fire with fire, don’t mess with it” (97). Memphis had been ready to fight anyway, but when he went to the courthouse, he was told that the city planned to act on the clause that allows them to pay whatever they want and give him $35,000 for his property. Memphis, astounded, told his lawyer to stay quiet before he could even speak.
Memphis says that he went to see his wife, who has moved back into his house while Memphis moved out, and told her that he needs to do something, and if he returns, they need to talk. Aunt Ester had told him, “If you drop the ball, you got to go back and pick it up” (98). Memphis has decided that it’s time to go back to Jackson and get his land back. Then he notices the sign and is surprised to learn that Hambone is dead, musing that he never got his ham. Memphis mimics Hambone’s constantly repeated lines about wanting ham, and he seems hurt and dispirited by the cruelty and unfairness of Hambone’s situation (and of the world in general). He gives Risa $50 to buy some flowers and tells her to sign the card from “everybody who ever dropped the ball and went back to pick it up” (99). Memphis sees West and gloats a little about his windfall, exclaiming that he will reopen his restaurant in a more crowded location with a better menu, better decor, a much bigger staff, and a jukebox. Then Sterling enters, his hands and face cut and bloody. He is holding a ham. Grinning, Sterling says, “Say Mr. West… that’s for Hambone’s casket” (99).
By the end of the play, Act II has ushered in a reversal of many of the implicit expectations set up earlier. By the end of Act I, the roiling conflict has built up to a point that promised an explosion—perhaps even a literal one, given the repeated fire imagery. For example, Memphis has reached an impasse in his battle to get what he sees as fair payment for his building. Hambone is like Sisyphus, returning each day to Lutz in the futile exercise of asking for the ham that he is owed. At the beginning of Act II, Sterling brings a gas can into the restaurant, which seems to foreshadow an inevitable fire in Memphis’s uninsured building, whether by accident as Memphis loses everything due to his hubris, or as the product of Memphis’s unsatisfied rage when he decides that he has nothing to lose. Another sense of foreboding was created in the fact that Prophet Samuel died before the start of the play, and Aunt Ester’s illness in Act I does not bode well for her continued survival, suggesting that the play will turn toward the bleak direction of a symbolic death of faith. In fact, the only financially prosperous character is West, a mythologized deathlike figure whose livelihood is literal death and loss. However, the reversal comes in a watershed moment: Aunt Ester recovers, and her counseling and (perhaps) spiritual intervention defuse the situation and avert what seemed like unavoidable disaster.
Aside from the literal gas can, the play is full of metaphorical powder kegs that ultimately never detonate. The men build Risa up as a woman who is entirely closed off and untouchable, someone impossible to understand—but Sterling finally breaks down her defenses with a conversation (and a kiss). Hambone’s single-minded pursuit of the ham, along with the discussion of trigger-happy police officers, seem to suggest that he will eventually face a misunderstanding and reach a violent end—but his death is peaceful. Memphis is ready to walk through fire—but the city, in almost deus-ex-machina fashion, suddenly extinguishes his fiery rage by inexplicably offering $10,000 more than Memphis demanded. Sterling buys a gun in an onstage interaction through Wolf as an intermediary; this alludes to the remarks of 19th-century Russian playwright Anton Chekhov, who stated that if a gun appears onstage, it must eventually go off. In contrast, there is no gunfire. Sterling is denied every opportunity to pick up his life and succeed, and it seems likely that he will eventually use the gun to combat his frustrations with his life—but in the end, no one shoots their guns, and Wilson moves the characters onto a more optimistic path.
The end of the play reaches toward hope for the Black community. Throughout the play, characters have offered their own criticisms of their fellow Black people and how they interact with a racist society. In particular, Memphis professes disdain for the Black community. He blames Hambone for allowing Lutz to decide whether to pay him with a ham or a chicken. Memphis holds Sterling responsible for his joblessness, refusing to consider that a job that doesn’t pay a living wage isn’t a job worth doing. Additionally, he sees Risa’s decision to cut her legs as the destruction of her potential as a woman. He looks down on Wolf’s job running numbers and Holloway’s devotion to spiritual beliefs. Memphis even maligns West, suggesting that his contempt isn’t simply for those who can’t pull themselves up to his level financially. Holloway comments that white people get anxious to the point of violence when they hear about Black people with guns, and Memphis shows that he has internalized some of this anxiety and scorn in the way he responds to the idea of the rally. Risa worries about the possibility of a riot, but the rally turns out to be peaceful, even in an over-packed venue; it’s a moment of unity for the Black community and professes hope for the future.
By August Wilson
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