47 pages • 1 hour read
Iain BanksA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Frank is annoyed that something about the child was impossible for Eric to process. Eric has a weakness that Frank associates with women: “I suspect that Eric was the victim of a self with just a little too much of the woman in it. That sensitivity, that desire not to hurt people, that delicate, mindful brilliance—these things were his partly because he thought too much like a woman” (148).
Frank arrives at the dump around noon, where he hears a howling animal that is obviously in pain. Through the binoculars, he sees what looks like a burning animal run out of the trees before running into the brush. He follows it and finds the dog lying in a stream, nearly dead. He kills it with the catapult and says, “Frank’ll get you” (153). He then buries the dog and burns the brush around it before going home. His father’s newspaper says MYSTERY BLAZE IN HOLIDAY COTTAGE. Frank realizes that the cottage was probably the house Eric called from.
The phone rings later. It is Eric, and he is manic. Frank tells him not to hurt more dogs, worms, or kids, and then hangs up, before sleeping badly that night.
In the morning, Frank performs his maintenance tasks on the Factory before going out to check the Sacrifice Poles. He shoots cans for target practice, then practices throwing his Bowie knife into a tree trunk. At home, he and his father eat with Mrs. Clamp, who says the Mackie’s dog is missing.
Outside later, Frank sees his father unexpectedly heading to town. He runs back to the house and is surprised to see dirty dishes in the sink, which is unlike his father. The phone is off the hook. Frank throws himself against the study door, but it still won’t budge. He thinks Eric called their father, who must be going to see him. Frank assumes that Eric will get in touch and decides to wait at the house.
His father calls later and is obviously drunk. He asks Frank to come to town and meet him at the library because they caught Eric. When Frank goes outside to walk to town, he sees that a phone line has been cut and a furry ear is nailed to the telephone pole. He goes back home because he thinks his father was too frightened to meet Eric alone. Frank packs a meal for Eric and then scans the land with the binoculars, believing that Eric will come to the house to find him.
Later, he wakes in the house to the sound of breaking glass. He hears his father stumbling and muttering. Finally, he hears the TV start. When Frank goes to the living room, his father’s jacket is on the chair, and he takes the key to the study from the pocket. In the study, Frank finds a specimen bottle with tiny genitals in it. He cries as he searches the rest of the room.
In a locked cabinet he finds a box of tampons and a vial that says it contains male hormones. Frank immediately thinks about how he has never seen his father naked below the waist. He thinks about how slight his father’s build is, and how softly he talks. Frank believes this is the secret: His father is a woman, and the name Angus is suspiciously close to Agnes. His mind rejects the secret even as he wonders if Mrs. Clamp knew. He takes the knife to his father’s room, where he slaps him awake before showing him the tampons. He makes him pull down his underpants and is surprised to see that his father has a penis. Something screams outside and Frank sees an orange light at the Skull Grounds. A herd of burning sheep run down the hill. Eric appears at the top of the dune, holding an axe and a torch.
Eric reaches the house and chops the cellar door with the axe. Frank catches up and aims the catapult at Eric, who sees the cordite, laughs, throws the torch into the cellar, and runs away. The bombs in the shed explode. Frank finds his father in the kitchen with the specimen jar from the study. Frank demands to know what is happening. His father smashes the glass and holds up a pink ball, not the pair of testicles that Frank expected.
On Sunday morning, Frank thinks about what his father told him the night before after they barricaded the cellar. Diggs arrives as Frank goes out to look for Eric. Frank finds Eric sleeping on the dune by the Bunker. Eric wakes, smiles, then goes back to sleep with his head in Frank’s lap.
The night before, Angus revealed that Frank is actually Frances Lesley Cauldhame. His father claimed he had often dressed Eric as a girl as a rehearsal for Frances. After Frank’s mutilation by Saul, his father saw his chance to live without any female influence in the home. He gave Frank male hormones, which made Frank grow a beard and prevented the onset of menstruation. The stump that Frank believed was the remains of a penis was in fact an enlarged clitoris. Angus had made fake testicles from wax in case Frank ever got into the study, which was what Frank found in the vial.
Now Frances, Frank thinks he may have to leave the island. He would consider suicide if his relatives hadn’t taken their lives in such bombastic fashion. He thinks about winter, still six months away, and wonders about his identity: “But I am still me; I am the same person, with the same memories and the same deeds done, the same (small) achievements, the same (appalling) crimes to my name” (182). Frank thinks he has experienced several deaths. He killed to become more like a man, after the alleged castration. Now it was all for nothing. He believes he took his life too seriously, and the lives of others too lightly: “The murders were my conception; my sex. The Factory was my attempt to construct life, to replace the involvement which otherwise I did not want” (183). Finally, Frank thinks that Eric came home to his brother, and must now learn that he has a sister.
Eric’s return unfolds as a dramatic set piece, highlighted by the surreal image of the burning sheep running down the hill. Whether or not the Wasp Factory is actually prophetic, Frank’s belief that fire would accompany Eric’s return is true.
The major themes of the novel come to heightened tension as the reader learns that Frank was assigned female at birth. In Frank’s mind, this revelation throws everything he thought he knew about his identity into question, which further complicates the novel’s theme Free Will and Predestination. He has stated more than once that he equates stupidity and weakness with women, and now he must reconcile his new reality.
Frank always thought that he was literally emasculated. He retaliated against the consequences of his injury by participating in what he considered the most masculine activity: violence. Women give birth, men kill. As Frances, Frank now knows that her body is capable of giving birth, which he considers a woman’s only unique attribute: “I’m a woman. Scarred thighs, outer labia a bit chewed up, and I’ll never be attractive, but according to Dad a normal female, capable of intercourse and giving birth (I shiver at the thought of either)” (182). Giving birth—creating life—appears to be a more difficult prospect for Frank than committing murder: “It is always easier to succeed at death. Inside this greater machine, things are not quite so cut and dried (or cut and pickled) as they have appeared in my experience” (183).
In Chapter 11, Frank is so horrified by his suspicion that his father might be a woman that it amplifies the discovery when Angus reveals the truth:
I thought of that delicate face, those lightly haired arms. I tried to think of one time I had seen my father naked to the waist, but for the life of me I couldn’t. The secret. It couldn’t be. I shook my head, but I couldn’t let go of the idea. Angus. Agnes. I had only his word for anything that had happened (173).
In light of the discovery, Frank must wonder about his culpability. When he could justify his crimes as acts of necessity—as acts of masculine revenge against his castration and abandonment—he did not consider his actions to be appalling. Now he realizes that his crimes were not serving the purpose he had believed, because he never actually lost the literal masculine aspect that he thought he had been denied.
Frank ends the novel by reflecting on the future and bonding with his brother. Thematically, he is no longer imprisoned in the macroscopic version of the Wasp Factory, because there are now a greater number of paths available for the future:
Our destination is the same in the end, but our journey—part chosen, part determined—is different for us all, and changes even as we live and grow. I thought one door had snicked shut behind me years ago; in fact I was still crawling about the face. Now the door closes, and my journey begins (184).
The novel ends on a slightly optimistic note, but it raises the question: Would Frank have been a murderer if he had been raised as Frances and if Saul had not attacked? Was this person born to be a murderer, or is Angus to blame for the crimes? Ultimately, the structure of the novel that leaves such a big reveal to the very end invites readers to grapple with these difficult questions.