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Athol FugardA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Act II starts up a few minutes later, as Marius, Elsa, and Helen all sit at Helen’s table. Marius has brought vegetables for Helen and chides her about her diet, telling Elsa that Helen’s former vegetable garden “has been crowded out by other things” (41). Elsa tells Marius that the Karoo looked “dry and desolate” as she drove through it on her way to visit Helen, and she judges it, telling Marius she sees it as “God without mankind” (42). Marius pushes back on this and says she “judge[s] it too harshly” (42). Elsa asks if the “Coloured folk” in the town have “as many reasons to be as contented as you,” and Marius says that they “have every reason to be,” telling Elsa, “It is my world—and Helen’s—and we can’t expect an outsider to love or understand it as we do” (43).
Elsa leaves the room and Marius tells Helen he believes he and Elsa could start arguing. Marius then tells Helen that he needs to leave soon to write his next sermon, saying, “And, thanks to you, I know what I want to say” (44). Marius explains that when he was digging up the vegetables in his garden, he heard a little voice in his head saying “thank you,” and that he had “deep and very painful wounds in my soul” when he first came to New Bethesda, but the town has allowed him to “[discover] life” (45). He tells Helen he now wants to “give thanks, but in a way that I’ve never done before” in the sermon, saying that when he has said that in the past, it has been with an “actor’s vanity” (45). Helen says he should say that tomorrow, and the two reflect on when he first came to New Bethesda 21 years ago, when Helen was still with her late husband, Stefanus. Helen remarks, “It feels like another life” (47).
Elsa re-enters and puts the application down on the table so that they can discuss it. Marius tells Helen that the room at the nursing home is “definitely yours—that is, if you want it, of course” (48) and asks her some final questions about her application, such as the year of her confirmation and her husband’s middle name, as well as whether she currently has a will. Helen pushes back and says she’s “worked out a plan for everything” (51), saying that she’ll go to doctors’ appointments and have Katrina take care of the house more so she can stay at home. Marius tells Helen that Katrina will move soon because her husband got a new job, which makes Helen extremely upset. Helen tells Marius that Katrina “is the only friend I’ve got left in the village,” which Marius is discouraged by, telling her the others in town “behave towards you in the way you apparently want them to, which is to leave you completely alone” (53).
Helen complains about how the “village has changed” and about her loneliness, and Marius tells her, “[I]f you are really that unhappy and lonely here, then I don’t know why you have any doubts about leaving” (54). Helen calls out for Elsa to stop her, because she’s about to sign the nursing home application form, but Elsa resists, telling Helen, “[I]f you haven’t got the guts to [say no], then too bad. I’m not going to do it for you” (55). Elsa, who says she’s in a state of “very near total mental and emotional exhaustion” (55), starts arguing with Marius, whom she thinks is trying to “bully and blackmail” (56) Helen into signing the form. Marius tells Elsa that his concern is that Helen “gets a chance to live out what is left of her life as safely and humanely as possible” (57), revealing that the burn on the wall is actually from a candle being knocked over and setting the curtains on fire. When a neighbor saw the flames and came in, he found that Helen “had stopped trying to put out the flames herself and was just standing staring at them” (57).
Elsa gets upset at Helen for lying to her and says she’ll be leaving early in the morning, telling Helen, “You’ve abandoned yourself. […] You’ve certainly made me make a fool of myself again, but this time I don’t think it’s funny” (58). Marius tells Elsa this is why they were trying to persuade Helen to leave, saying that “we don’t persecute harmless old ladies” (59). Elsa pushes back on this, telling Marius that it’s clear the people in town don’t think that Helen is “harmless,” referencing how children have stoned Helen’s house and statues and parents “frighten naughty children with stories of Miss Helen’s ‘monsters’” (60). Elsa says that Helen’s statues in her yard are monsters to the townspeople because “they express Helen’s freedom” and that she visits Helen because “she challenges me into an awareness of myself and my life, of my responsibilities to both that I never had until I met her” (61). Elsa says that Helen is “the first truly free spirit I have ever known” (61).
Marius is surprised by this, instead referring to Helen’s statues as “idolatry” (61). He recalls a time when Helen skipped church because she was suddenly inspired to create an owl statue, an incident he refers to as turning “your back on your church, on your faith and then on us […] for the company of those cement monstrosities” (63). Elsa tells Helen that Marius and the others are all jealous of Helen and her freedom; when Helen asks Marius if this is true, he gets angry and says he feels “as if I were on trial,” telling Helen that he cares about her but that she “isn’t free” and is “trapped in the nightmare this house has become” (64). He continues, claiming, “Your life has become as grotesque as those creations of yours out there” (65).
Marius asks Helen why she abandons her faith and she asks, “What faith?” (65), telling Marius that she lost her faith long, long ago. She says she had gotten used to the emptiness she felt the night 15 years ago after Stefanus’s funeral, when Marius followed her home and pulled Helen’s curtains and closed her shutters: “In doing that it felt as if you were putting away my life as surely as the undertaker had done to Stefanus” (66). She tells Marius that she wasn’t mourning Stefanus and was instead feeling “black widowhood for my own life” (66). Helen describes sitting that evening and waiting for darkness when the last candle went out; but instead, the light stayed lit and “seemed to find its courage again” (67). She directs Elsa to start lighting the candles around the room and starts describing the inspirational vision she had that evening of the city of Mecca, saying that the Wise Men and camels she has outside are traveling in the direction of Mecca and the “East” (67).
Elsa finishes lighting the candles and the room’s “full magic and splendor is revealed” (68). Helen tells Marius to look at the light, saying, “This is my world and I have banished darkness from it” (68). She says that this is not “madness,” because she’s aware that her Mecca isn’t the real city, but it’s “as near as I could get to the real Mecca” (68). Helen tells Marius that her journey to Mecca “is over now,” and that she won’t be needing the application form, explaining, “I can’t reduce my world to a few ornaments in a small room in an old-age home” (68).
Marius feels defeated that he could never reach Helen and they say goodbye to each other. After he leaves, Elsa tells Helen that she believes Marius is in love with Helen, but Helen says she is not in love with him. Elsa says that she now feels jealous and lonely. She brings up the woman on the road again and says she hopes she didn’t get a lift, because “there’s no Mecca waiting for her at the end of that road” and “the sooner she knows what the score really is, the better” (72). Elsa divulges to Helen that she had an abortion, and that after she dropped off the woman, she sat in her car and screamed, hating everyone, including herself. Elsa says tonight she “wanted to punish us […] for our stupid helplessness” (73) before starting to cry in a moment of emotional release.
The two decompress a bit and Helen says that after tonight, she thinks she understands something: “The road to my Mecca was one I had to travel alone […] [and] now that it is over, there is only me there at the end of it. It couldn’t have been any other way” (74). She says that her Mecca “is finished, and with it […] the only real purpose my life has ever had” (74). Helen says that she must now teach herself to blow out her candles “and what that means” (75).
Elsa goes to her bag and offers Helen Valium, which Helen mistakes for an artificial sweetener. Elsa says that Helen should have made an angel sculpture so that “they would leave you alone,” but Helen says, “Good heavens, no” and that the village “doesn’t need more of those” (75). If she did make one, she says, “I’d have it pointing to the East. Where else? I’d misdirect all the good Christian souls around here and put them on the road to Mecca” (76). The two laugh, and Elsa says that she loves Helen “so much it hurts” (76). Helen asks, “What about trust?” (76). The play ends with Elsa’s response: “Open your arms and catch me! I’m going to jump!” (76).
Act II primarily concerns Helen and her “Mecca.” As she and Elsa argue with Marius over its importance, Helen comes alive, finally putting into words the inception of her “Mecca” and gaining the courage to return the application form. The theme of freedom versus oppression becomes more fully realized here through Helen and her life choices, although the characters debate what the idea of “freedom” means. To Elsa (and presumably Helen), Helen’s eschewing of her church and society makes her free, as she breaks free from their constrictions to create the life she wants for herself through her radical non-conformity.
For Marius, meanwhile, Helen’s non-conformity and “abandonment” of the church have made her into a social pariah, trapping her in her house alone and thus preventing her from being free. Fugard also weaves the idea of South Africa’s racial inequality into this discussion when Elsa says that, unlike Helen, in Cape Town they “talk” about freedom without actually acting on it (61). It becomes clear that Helen provides a source of inspiration or motivation for Elsa’s social activism, while also showing the limits of the fight for racial equality in apartheid-era South Africa, given that much of Elsa and her compatriots’ activist efforts ultimately amount to little more than rhetoric. These limits are further reinforced when Elsa again brings up the woman on the road and point out that “there’s no Mecca waiting for her at the end of that road” (72), showing Helen’s relatively privileged position to create a life for herself and highlighting the racial inequality of the time.
Marius’s presence in this act shows the outside forces of New Bethesda and how Helen fits—or doesn’t fit—into the community. His disdainful view of Helen’s “Mecca” provides a counterpoint to Helen and Elsa’s friendship, emphasizing the ideals of the conservative South African community and illustrating just how much Helen is resisting conforming through her choices. Like Elsa, Marius seems to view Helen as being at once of the community and an outsider. His continued pressure on her, though, spurs Helen to finally confess that she is more outsider than he had believed: Although he thought she had just lost her faith through her “Mecca,” she confesses that she had in fact lost it long ago. This realization allows for a different portrait of Helen than has been painted throughout the play, in which she had been considered a good, churchgoing woman who had only recently strayed from the conformist path. Helen reveals that her differences with the town’s Christian population run deeper than previously realized, as when Elsa told Helen in the first act: “You were in [church] with them, singing hymns every Sunday, for a long, long time,” and claims that Helen is “still [an Afrikaner] at heart” (9). As Helen tells the two here, she is not necessarily one of the traditional townspeople at heart, instead having long held a much different conception of the faith the other townspeople share.
This is a transformational act for Helen, who goes from being nervous and unsure to self-assured; as Marius says, “I’ve never seen you as happy as this” (70). Her long monologue about the day of her husband’s funeral and the inspiration of her “Mecca,” during which Elsa lights the candles and reveals the room’s full glory, illustrates the power Helen’s “Mecca” holds for her, seemingly empowering her as she speaks. While in Act I Helen discusses the “Darkness” that’s “inside of [her]” (37), in Act II she emphasizes the light in her life, telling Marius, “This is my world and I have banished darkness from it” (68). As with the first act, the idea of light and darkness is key for Helen here, and she reveals that a candle staying lit is what first gave her the hope and inspiration to start creating her Mecca.
Helen’s growing self-assurance in this act is seemingly because her relationship to her Mecca and its creation changes. At first, Helen despairs over her lack of inspiration, telling Elsa that she had felt that she had “reached the end” because she couldn’t work, feeling like “a useless old woman getting on everybody’s nerves” (25). By the end of the second act, though, Helen realizes that her loneliness and solitude were in fact necessary for her “road to Mecca.” Helen says she now understands that “[t]he road to my Mecca was one I had to travel alone” (74). She seems accepting of the fact that her period of creating it is now over. Helen appears to embrace—or, at least, realize that she must learn how to embrace—the “darkness” and the end of her life’s purpose, telling Elsa that she now must “teach myself now how to blow [the candles] out…and what that means” (75). This statement suggests that Helen is now ready to die and foreshadows her likely fate. The real-life inspiration for Miss Helen died by an apparent suicide, and Fugard here seems to suggest that the fictional Helen will meet the same end. While the first act positioned this act of suicide as one of loneliness and depression, however, the second act suggests that Helen’s fateful act was instead a necessary and thought-out conclusion on her “road to Mecca.”
The second act also sees a shift in the relationship between Helen and Elsa, as the difference between trust and love that Elsa highlights in the first act now comes to apply to their own relationship. While the two speak of their trust for each other in the first act, this trust is broken in the second when Elsa discovers that Helen has lied to her about the fire in her house, instead claiming that a lamp had fallen over. This clearly upsets Elsa and she tells Helen that their talk about trust now seems like a “joke” (58)—but, showing the fissure between trust and love, she still gushes to Marius about her admiration for Helen and defends her almost immediately after. The complications in the relationship between the two women are most explicit at the end, when Elsa tells Helen she loves her, but Helen asks if she trusts her. By invoking the earlier anecdote about the father who teaches his son a “business lesson,” Elsa suggests that she does not trust Helen to “catch her,” though by ending the play with Elsa’s demand for Helen to catch her and not Helen’s response, it’s left ambiguous whether Helen would actually “catch” Elsa and therefore deserves her trust.
By Athol Fugard