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The titular character, Jean Brodie, is a middle-aged schoolteacher obsessed with the idea of being in the “prime” of her life. While she never explicitly defines what this means, she insists throughout the novel that it is crucial to know when one is in one’s prime. She is described as having brown eyes and a “Roman profile,” and she often has a tan when she returns to school after spending her holidays in Italy (6). The girls spend a great deal of time trying to determine if Miss Brodie is considered conventionally beautiful, driven largely by their observation that Mr. Lloyd and Mr. Lowther compete for her affections. While she has a long but casual relationship with Mr. Lowther and an unconfirmed (but implied) sexual dalliance with Mr. Lloyd, she remains unmarried throughout the novel. She frequently discusses her late fiancé—a man named Hugh, six years younger than she, who was killed in World War I. Miss Brodie stays in touch with Sandy after the girls in the “Brodie set” leave the Marcia Blaine School, but she seems to have lost touch with the rest of the set. Her communications with Sandy focus obsessively on the question of who betrayed her to Miss Mackay. For Jenny, this obsession with betrayal is evidence that Miss Brodie is “past her prime.” The meaning of the refrain “in her prime” becomes clear here, as does Miss Brodie’s resemblance to the fascist dictators she admires: When she is in her prime, the girls cannot see her petty egotism because they have made it their own, craving her approval and molding their behavior to please her. Deposed, she is also exposed as paranoid, narcissistic, and controlling, so that when she dies of cancer in 1945, she has lost the stature that would have made her death tragic in the minds of her acolytes.
As a teacher, Miss Brodie prioritizes art, poetry, and religion over all other subjects. She often shows her students paintings and sculptures, particularly ones by Italian artists, and has them read the works of several famous poets, including Alfred, Lord Tennyson, John Keats, and Robert Burns. However, she deviates from the standard curriculum to teach these subjects, which gets her into trouble with the school administration. She also spends many class periods talking about her own life, including her romance with Hugh, and orders the students to prop up their textbooks so they will appear to be studying if the headmistress comes into the classroom. She frequently comments on her students’ physical appearances, noting that Rose is the most beautiful and criticizing Sandy for her small eyes. She is impatient with students who struggle to grasp the material, calling them stupid or slow, and she prioritizes abstract qualities like instinct and insight. She can be kind, often complimenting students who do her bidding and bringing them into her confidence in order to make them feel special; however, she just as quickly withdraws this kindness if the student questions her.
Miss Brodie rarely talks about politics, but she openly praises Mussolini’s fascist government and visits Italy several times over the course of the novel. In 1938, she visits Germany and Austria and praises the organizational capacity of Hitler’s Nazi regime. She also manipulates Joyce Emily Hammond into going to Spain to join the pro-Franco fascist forces, resulting in Joyce Emily’s death. When Miss Brodie is finally fired, the official reason is that she was teaching fascism to her students. Inadvertently, she has made her life a microcosm of the kind of personality cult Mussolini built on a larger scale, teaching by example how dangerous this form of leadership can be. Sandy, at least, appears to have learned this lesson.
Sandy, a member of Miss Brodie’s set, is the novel’s protagonist. She, like the rest of the girls, is around 10 years old at the beginning of the story. She is known for her small eyes and often squints at people, prompting Miss Brodie to tell her at least once that she needs glasses. Sandy is not conventionally attractive, and when Mr. Lloyd kisses her forcefully and she tries to run away, he tells her she is “about the ugliest little thing” he has ever seen (109). She is known for her pronunciation of certain vowels, and Miss Brodie asks Sandy to read poetry out loud in class because she enjoys hearing her voice. Sandy has an active imagination and frequently has mental conversations with fictional characters from novels. While she comes from a Christian family, they do not attend church, although Sandy seems to have an innate spiritual sensibility and believes in ghosts. As she nears adulthood, she becomes more interested in religion, publishing a popular treatise called “The Transfiguration of the Commonplace” and eventually becomes a nun. She stays in touch with Miss Brodie until the latter’s death, sometimes meeting her for tea but frequently expressing boredom and disgust with Miss Brodie’s obsessive interest in the mystery of which girl betrayed her.
During their years at Marcia Blaine, Miss Brodie makes Sandy her special confidante within the group; she assumes that when Rose and Teddy Lloyd begin their affair, Sandy will serve as her informant. However, Sandy is the one who has an affair with Mr. Lloyd, a development that surprises Miss Brodie. Sandy also tells Miss Mackay about Miss Brodie’s admiration of fascism, although Miss Brodie never figures this out and repeatedly says that Sandy is the only one who had no reason to betray her. In this sense, Sandy is an unpredictable character and potentially the only one of her special set that Miss Brodie could not accurately read, despite their close relationship.
Teddy Lloyd is the art teacher at Marcia Blaine. He teaches in the senior school, working with older students. He has red-gold hair and is rumored to be half-Welsh, half-English. He also has only one arm, having lost the other in World War I. Mr. Lloyd is married to a woman named Deirdre, with whom he has six children. Miss Brodie somewhat derisively attributes their large family to the fact that the Lloyds are Catholic. Deirdre is a gregarious woman who dresses in bohemian attire and forms friendships with some of the girls in the Brodie set. Teddy has an attic studio in the family’s home, where he often has the girls come sit for their portraits.
Despite the fact that he is married, Teddy is in love with Jean Brodie, and all the portraits he paints ultimately resemble her. He and Miss Brodie reportedly kissed once in the art room at school, although this was only witnessed by Monica, and the other girls have a hard time believing it. She tells Sandy, much later, that Teddy was the great love of her prime, but she sacrificed the possibility of a relationship with him because she was too devoted to her girls. She does, however, use Mr. Lowther to make Mr. Lloyd jealous, and she tries (but fails) to engineer a sexual encounter between Mr. Lloyd and Rose, possibly in order to live vicariously through the latter. While Teddy is often bashful and quiet, he also has a temper; once, for example, he becomes so frustrated with a raucous class that he smashes a saucer on the floor. He is also predatory and cruel, forcibly kissing Sandy when she is 15 and then calling her ugly. He and Sandy have a brief fling after she turns 18, but she soon loses interest in him, finding his enduring obsession with Miss Brodie more interesting than any other facet of his personality.
Rose, another member of the Brodie set, is tall, blond, and conventionally beautiful. By her teenage years, she becomes “famous for sex,” but does not actually have sex and does not enjoy talking about it (3). Miss Brodie assumes that Rose and Teddy will become lovers, having decided that Rose is simply fated to be a great lover, but Teddy is only interested in using Rose as a model. She was raised by her father, a widower who calls himself a cobbler but owns a shoe-making business. While Miss Brodie looks down on Rose’s father for being uncultured and “rather carnal,” the rest of the girls like him (127). Rose is a tomboy who likes cars, trains, and building model vehicles; she also enjoys climbing trees and walls. As the girls near the end of their time at Marcia Blaine, Rose is the only one without a plan, having stayed in school because her father wants her to learn as much as possible. She ultimately marries a businessman who is involved in several different ventures, from canned goods to banking.
As an adult, Rose visits Sandy at the convent, where they talk about Miss Brodie. Rose asks Sandy whether Miss Brodie was ever actually dedicated to the girls and whether Miss Brodie was fired because of the sex scandal involving Mr. Lowther. These questions imply that Rose, while observant and thoughtful, has never seen Miss Brodie as clearly as Sandy has. In fact, as soon as Rose graduated from Marcia Blaine, she “shook off Miss Brodie’s influence as a dog shakes pond-water from its coat” (127). This is in stark contrast to Sandy, who considers Miss Brodie her primary personal and literary influence. This suggests that Rose is more resilient and less tied to the past than Sandy and the rest of the group.