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61 pages 2 hours read

T. H. White

The Once and Future King

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1958

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Part 1, Chapters 1-10Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1: “The Sword in the Stone”

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: Both the novel and guide reference sexual assault, incest, child abuse, and suicide.

Sir Ector, lord of a large estate on the edge of the Forest Sauvage, seeks a tutor for his sons, Kay and Art (i.e., Arthur, nicknamed and in this section referred to as “the Wart”). Kay, the elder, constantly reminds Arthur that he is adopted, and that he, Kay, is superior. The brothers take their hawk out to hunt rabbits, but the bird flies into a tree and refuses to come down.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary

Frustrated, Kay stalks off, but Arthur, unwilling to abandon the bird (Cully), sits by the tree and waits. As Cully moves deeper into the wild forest, Arthur follows. The Forest Sauvage is home to dangerous animals and even more dangerous humans, including outlaws and magicians. As night falls, Cully settles into a tree for the night, and Arthur waits below for the bird to fall asleep. Suddenly, an assailant fires arrows at him, and Arthur retreats for cover. He escapes the attack but becomes lost. He wanders the forest until he comes upon a clearing, where he sees a fully armored knight astride his horse. He approaches the knight and asks for help, but the knight, who introduces himself as King Pellinore, claims to be lost as well. For the past 17 years, he has pursued the Questing Beast, a task that he describes as his family’s duty. When Pellinore complains about the hardships of questing, Arthur invites him to stay at his father’s estate, if he will help him find the way. Pellinore agrees but then hears the wild cry of the Questing Beast and rides off in pursuit.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary

Arthur spends the night in the forest. The next morning, he wanders into a clearing where he finds a stone cottage and an old man drawing water from a well. The man is dressed in typical wizard fashion—robe and pointed hat—and introduces himself as Merlyn. Arthur follows Merlyn into his cottage, which is part musty library and part menagerie of mythical beasts (stuffed yet alive); it also features a talking owl and “a gun case with all sorts of weapons which would not be invented for half a thousand years” (31). Over breakfast, Merlyn explains that he was born at the end of time, allowing him to see the future. After breakfast, Merlyn offers to serve as the boy’s tutor.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary

They return to the estate, and Arthur introduces Merlyn as his new tutor. Sir Ector asks for credentials, and Merlyn performs feats of magic. Ector is convinced and hires Merlyn on the spot.

Part 1, Chapter 5 Summary

Arthur and Sir Ector’s “Dog Boy” (caretaker of the kennel) are close friends. While they cavort in the kennel one day, Merlyn calls Arthur for his first lesson. They cross the courtyard to the edge of the moat, and Arthur wishes he were a fish. Merlyn immediately turns him into a perch, and he tumbles into the water. Merlyn joins him and gives Arthur swimming lessons. Another fish approaches, seeking Merlyn’s help in curing its sick mother. Merlyn obliges and then introduces Arthur to Old Jack, a massive pike—king of the moat—who tells Arthur, “There is nothing […] except the power which you pretend to seek” (52). Just as the pike is about to devour Arthur, the latter swims away. A moment later, he and Merlyn are themselves again, standing on dry land.

Part 1, Chapter 6 Summary

Arthur and Kay practice archery while Merlyn naps under a tree. They decide to hunt at the edge of the forest, and Kay kills a rabbit. As they prepare to head back, they each fire an arrow into the air (a ritual at the end of each archery session). Arthur’s arrow soars high and true, but as it reaches its apex, a crow snatches it in its beak and flies away—an evil portent, Kay believes.

Part 1, Chapter 7 Summary

As Kay practices jousting in preparation for knighthood, Arthur complains that he will never be more than a squire because he is not a “proper son” of Ector’s. For “educational” purposes, Merlyn transports him to the forest to watch a real tournament with real knights. There, they meet King Pellinore, still in pursuit of the Questing Beast. Sir Grummore Grummursum soon joins them, and the two men square off for a joust. After several passes, both men are unhorsed, and they resume the battle with swords, but neither man gains the advantage. Dazed and tired, the two knights make a final charge, each colliding with a tree. They fall senseless to the ground, and Merlyn transports Arthur back to Sir Ector’s jousting field.

Part 1, Chapter 8 Summary

Arthur, stuck inside on a rainy day, begs Merlyn to turn him into a hawk, but the magician refuses, claiming he is not ready. Merlyn tells him that before he can fly, Arthur must listen to the wisdom of the other hawks and gain their insight. He then changes Arthur into a merlin (a small falcon) and releases him into the mews (the castle aviary) for the night. After a time, the birds awaken, and the leader, a peregrine falcon, quizzes the new recruit. He passes the test and is sworn in as a new “officer.” He then must undergo the “ordeal”: to perch next to Cully, who is violent and erratic, for the ringing of three bells. At the third bell, Cully grabs at the retreating Arthur, a clutch of feathers left in his talon. Arthur is celebrated for his courageous stand.

Part 1, Chapter 9 Summary

The next morning, Arthur wakes up in his own bed. Kay demands to know where he was during the night, and when Arthur refuses to tell him, they fight. His eye blackened, Arthur goes in search of Merlyn. In the wizard’s tower, he argues, “It is unfair that you are always turning me into things and not him [Kay]” (88). Life, the wizard replies, is not always fair, and Arthur must trust that his tutor knows what’s best for both of them. Arthur, however, is relentless, begging for an adventure he and Kay can share together. Finally, Merlyn tells his young charge to take Kay out into the fields after Mass until they come to “something.”

Part 1, Chapter 10 Summary

Arthur and Kay follow Merlyn’s instructions, and soon they come upon a woodsman in the forest. The woodsman, however, doesn’t respond to their questions, so they move on. Presently, they encounter a massive man—seven feet tall—sleeping under a tree. Without speaking, he directs them deeper into the forest. When the boys seem uncertain, the man—Little John of the Robin Hood tales—agrees to accompany them. He leads them to the stronghold of Robin Wood, which he explains is Robin Hood’s correct name. The outlaw welcomes the boys and tests their archery skills. Satisfied, he asks their help rescuing his comrade, Friar Tuck, from Morgan le Fay, an enchantress and the queen of the fairies.

Part 1, Chapters 1-10 Analysis

Unlike traditional Arthurian legends, these early chapters display a mischievous wit and a whimsical, almost farcical tone. While the young Arthur displays courage and determination—spending the night in a forbidding forest to rescue an escaped goshawk—his adventures do not foretell the legend he will become, and his nickname as “the Wart” is lowly and even comical. Merlyn is likewise an eccentric, sometimes muddled character, contrary to many popular depictions. When Arthur first stumbles upon the wizard’s forest cottage, he finds a disheveled old man—rat’s nest hair, robes covered in bird droppings—whose study is a menagerie of talking animals and animated dishware. His occasional missteps reveal a sometimes flawed magician—one who misplaces spells and grows impatient with foolish questions. Even the source of his powers of prognostication—his backward time-traveling—is comedic, as his references to electric lights and his collection of as-yet-un-invented weapons are humorously out of place in a medieval romance.

Nevertheless, The Once and Future King has great reverence for its source material, and The Importance of Cultural Myths shines through in its use of classic archetypes. When Arthur meets Merlyn, his life drastically changes from one of routine to one of magical tutelage under a powerful being who sees greatness in Arthur’s future. The Merlyn/Arthur relationship recalls a common trope in both myth and fantasy literature, codified by Joseph Campbell in The Hero’s Journey: the young hero embarking on a quest with the sage advice of an older mentor. Arthur’s quest is not yet clear, but its importance is evident in Merlyn’s reference to having been “sent” to tutor Arthur; the implication is that a higher power has plans for both Merlyn and Arthur.

In the meantime, Merlyn, as the genre dictates, must school his protégé in the ways of the world. Arthur’s unconventional education takes the form of stepping into the skin of other animals. Merlyn is a hands-on instructor, suggesting that real learning must be experienced firsthand, not simply studied in books. White describes a natural world not unlike the human world, replete with social hierarchies. As a falcon, Arthur encounters a militaristic social structure (the birds have ranks), and he must undergo a trial to be accepted as one of them (not unlike a military hazing). Merlyn tells Arthur he must learn from the “masters,” and the animal kingdom has just as much to teach Arthur as Merlyn himself. In particular, these experiences introduce Arthur to the struggle of Might Versus Right, as creatures like the pike fish insist that raw power is all that ultimately matters. The pike’s title—“king”—parodies the medieval feudal system, in which monarchs and nobles ruled largely through force, but the novel implies that he has relevance for other eras as well. The pike espouses a Nietzschean worldview associated with the fascist movements of the mid-20th century, while the comparison of his face to “Uncle Sam” suggests a critique of American capitalism. Part of myth’s importance, for White, lies in this ability to transcend a single cultural moment and speak to recurring human tendencies across time.

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