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53 pages 1 hour read

Italo Calvino

The Nonexistent Knight

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1959

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Symbols & Motifs

Agilulf’s Armor

The Nonexistent Knight is a magical realist story set in the age of chivalry. As the end of Charlemagne’s reign approaches, however, the old chivalric ideals have begun to fade away. Amid this background, a set of armor has found a place among the paladins. Agilulf’s existence represents the dying days of the age of chivalry. His armor symbolizes the ideals which have been lost, and these ideals are powerful enough to give Agilulf something resembling life. The armor suggests the era of chivalry has become like Agilulf’s armor: an empty set of ideals, given life by the nostalgia for the past.

Agilulf may not exist, but he occupies a physical space in the world. He can swing a sword and issue instructions. In doing so, he functions as one of the most effective and diligent knights in Charlemagne’s army. He has overcome his own inexistence to achieve a great deal of glory. The other knights’ honor, their responsibility, and their adherence to the systems of manners and etiquette are shown to be as hollow as Agilulf’s armor. The empty suit of armor can outperform them. The other knights have their failings emphasized by the empty suit.

At the end of the novel, Agilulf feels too ashamed to continue. He removes his armor, bequeaths it Raimbaut, and then embraces his nonexistence. Raimbaut then dons the armor and rides into battle. While he succeeds on the battlefield, he fails to uphold Agilulf’s moral principles. He allows Bradamante to believe that he is Agilulf, having sex with her under false pretenses. Raimbaut’s actions while wearing Agilulf’s armor suggest that humanity as a whole is flawed. Even a moral, principled knight like Raimbaut—someone who entered the war to seek vengeance, a motivation which is suitably in line with chivalric ideals—could not overcome his own temptation. Raimbaut’s moral failing suggests that the armor is not magical. His same flaws exist when he is wearing the armor. As such, the armor’s power is solely symbolic, representing humanity’s moral failings.

Theodora’s Book

Gradually, Sister Theodora introduces herself into a more prominent role in the novel. She is the narrator, but her voice is more strongly felt as she explains to the audience that she is writing the book as a penance while cloistered in a convent. The book is not intended to be read by a mass audience; it is Theodora’s assigned task and, by copying out an existing narrative, she can show her devotion to God. In her occasional asides, Theodora references the limited role of women in the society. Since she is a nun, she facetiously writes, she must rely on the clashing pots and pans from the kitchen to inform her descriptions of battle. How could a nun ever know about the realities of a battlefield, she sardonically and rhetorically asks her limited audience. Theodora’s book represents her desire to push back against the gendered restrictions imposed upon her by society. She does not want to be a nun; she does not want to be limited in her understanding of the world because she is a woman. She wishes to wrestle control of her own life and her own narrative; she achieves this by gradually revealing her personality through her narration. Theodora is not a typical nun and, through the atypicality of her narration, she hints at her desire to assert agency over her life in a misogynistic society which would have her cloistered away writing a book for no one to read.

Theodora’s narration also hints at the limits of language. As she states, Theodora is not a typical writer. She is re-writing the narrative of The Nonexistent Knight from other sources but, without formal training as a writer, she does not want to be confined by convention. She complains about the pacing of her narrative, as the book can contain only so many elements. Theodora resents that she must pick and choose what to include, thereby limiting the scope of her book and reducing the vivacity of her memories and experiences. The narrative simply cannot hold everything, so Theodora begins to experiment. She draws illustrations of Agilulf’s fight with a whale and maps of his journey in an effort to broaden the potential of language itself. Her narrative strives to move beyond the written word but, ironically, she must describe her maps and illustrations through writing. Her book remains a written novel and her descriptions of her innovations are rendered in prose, symbolizing the clash between her ambitions (as a writer, as a woman) and her restrictions (society, written narratives). The book is a symbol of how Theodora would like to rebel, as well as the ways in which her rebellion is denied.

At the end of the novel, Theodora reveals her secret identity. She is actually Bradamante, sent to the convent after the events she has described thus far. After fleeing from Raimbaut after he tricked her into sex while wearing Agilulf’s armor, she was furious. She entered the convent as a way to atone for the complicated feelings which she could not process. Now, she has decided that she loves Raimbaut. This revelation adds a new symbolic meaning to the book as a penitent device. She is writing as penance, not seeking to atone for any particularly religious infraction but for her betrayal of love. At the very end of the novel, she hears Raimbaut approaching the convent and she rushes out to meet him. She abandons the book and the vows which made her a nun, choosing love over something as unimportant as a convent or a book. The unfinished book becomes a metaphor for Bradamante’s desire to assert her agency. She casts everything aside to pursue the love which she believed was lost. Her obligations as a nun and as a narrator are rendered irrelevant next to her obligations to love itself. The book, as unfinished as it is, becomes a symbol of Bradamante’s abandonment of penance in pursuit of agency.

The Holy Grail

The Holy Grail is a central piece of chivalric romance. In traditional tales of chivalry, knights would seek out the Holy Grail as a way to gain honor. The Grail—through its association with the Christian figure Jesus Christ—provides the knights of chivalric tales with an objective. The seeking of the Grail (even in stories where they do not find or obtain the Grail) is a worthy cause. In The Nonexistent Knight, the traditional symbolism of the Grail is inverted. The Knights of the Order of the Holy Grail is seemingly a familiar feature of such legends. Their role is to pursue the Grail for the sake of honor. As portrayed in the novel, however, these knights have lost touch with their honor. They have lost touch with the meaning of chivalry itself. The Knights of the Order of the Holy Grail are portrayed as a group of lazy, entitled, and immoral failures. By this late stage of Charlemagne’s reign, so far removed from the chivalric golden era, they no longer pursue the Grail. They content themselves with devotion to esoteric forces which they cannot explain while demanding food from the starving locals under threat of violence. Far from the glamorous heroes of the golden age of chivalry, the Knights of the Order of the Holy Grail are a spent force. They are an exhausted echo of what once was. They have entirely given up their glorious search for the Grail and have become villains instead of the heroes of legend.

The Grail is made notable by its absence. The Knights of the Order of the Holy Grail have a traditional object which their code of ethics and beliefs urges them to seek. Now, however, they have abandoned the same principles which once defined them. The absent Grail functions as a symbol of the entire exhausted social order. The chief objective of the bygone age was never found, the aims of the old chivalric system were never achieved. The characters in The Nonexistent Knight cannot seek the Grail because they have arrived at the end of everything. They exist in the dying days of their social order and something as glorious as the Grail must, by definition, be left unfound. The Knights of the Order of the Holy Grail are no longer worthy of seeking (yet alone obtaining) the very object which gives their order its name. At the same time, however, their decline is demonstrative of the broader social hollowness which is felt across Charlemagne’s tired empire.

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