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Arthur C. ClarkeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
A Tibetan monastery asks Dr. Wagner to set up an “Automatic Sequence Computer” (15) to process a list of “all the possible names of God…all such names can be written with not more than nine letters in an alphabet we have devised” (16). The lama tells Dr. Wagner that the monks have been working on creating this language and compiling the list for three centuries already. He adds that his people believe that words like Allah and God are simply “man-made labels…but somewhere among all the possible combinations of letters that can occur are what one may call the real names of God” (16). The lama believes that with Dr. Wagner’s computer they will be able to permute the letters and “what would have taken us fifteen thousand years it will be able to do in a hundred days” (17). He says that if Dr. Wagner can get the computer to India by airplane, along with two engineers, they will transport them the rest of the way to Tibet.
Chuck and George, the engineers sent to Tibet along with the computer, are uncomfortable with their assignment and can’t wait to leave. They notice that the monks are not as pious as they expected: “Chuck was smoking one of the cigars that made him so popular with the monks—who, it seemed, were quite willing to embrace all the minor and most of the major pleasures of life” (18). Chuck tells George that he has finally learned what the real purpose of the monks’ project is: They believe that when they have listed all nine billion names of God, “the human race will have finished what it was created to do” (19) and the world will cease to exist. George and Chuck both assume that the monks are crazy and that the world will not end as a result of this work. They worry that when it is complete and nothing happens, the monks will punish them. Chuck wants to sabotage the project, or at least make a plan to escape on an airplane just before the work is complete. George, however, decides to see the work through.
A week later, George joins Chuck in his plan to leave on horseback just before the computer finishes its last printout. They sense that the monks know this is their plan, but they don’t seem bothered by it. George and Chuck are happy to see the airplane parked on the runway, and the clear skies mean the weather won’t hold them back from departing. About an hour’s ride away from the airplane, the two men wonder about the project: It should be completing its work “about now” (22). As they realize this, they look up to the night sky and see that “overhead, without any fuss, the stars were going out” (22). The narrator makes it clear that the world is coming to an end just as the computer finishes printing the nine billion names of God.
Speaking in the first person in the style of a nonfiction article, Clarke describes how one of his original ideas became so commonplace that no one knows he is responsible for its inception. He is concerned that his idea led to the moral degradation of America. He claims that along with the “aid of the late Dr. Alfred Kinsey, I have unwittingly triggered an avalanche that may sweep away much of Western civilization” (23).
In 1945, Clarke was a Royal Air Force radar operator. In this position he thought up the idea of using a satellite for a television transmitter to broadcast messages globally. He suggested placing “a network of relay satellites twenty-two thousand miles above the equator” (23) in an article published in a magazine called Wireless World. Later, the technology was invented and put to nefarious use by Russia and China to spread propaganda.
The story shifts to a cocktail party in an unnamed “Eastern capital” (24) where Clarke lives with his partner, Mike. They are invited to the Soviet Embassy for a celebration of a Russian oceanographers. There, a clean cut, American man named Gene Hartford approaches Clarke. Clarke is flattered that Hartford recognizes his name and knows his writing. Hartford is amazed to meet the author because he found Clarke’s 1952 publication of Exploration of Space so riveting. Clarke doesn’t like the impression Hartford is making, but he continues speaking with him in the hopes that he may have a useful connection. Hartford invites Clarke to meet him at his hotel the following afternoon.
After speaking together at length, Clarke is disgusted with Hartford. He compares Hartford to Benedict Arnold who betrayed the United States, only he feels that Hartford’s mission is much worse. Hartford reveals that he is working with the Russians to make Clarke’s prediction come true: They are installing global satellite communications systems, with the help of the Chinese government. Hartford’s firm was hired to produce content that will attract American viewers. The end goal is that American viewers will get so hooked on the tantalizing content being transmitted to their televisions, they will also watch the educational propaganda content. Hartford shows Clarke an example. He carries a film with a deceptively boring title so as not to arouse suspicion when he travels: “Aspects of Thirteenth Century Tantric Sculpture” (29). The film shows pornographic sculptures in India, set to intense music.
When Clarke expresses his shock at the prospect of this material being broadcast, Hartford assures him that it is tame in comparison to some of their other content. Hartford adds that people “enjoy being brainwashed, if you set about it the right way. […] We’ll be using America’s own decadence as a weapon against her” (32). Clarke is horrified at this prospect, and finishes his cautionary tale with the words, “but into my heart blows a cold wind from the past; for I remember Babylon” (33).
Sitting in a spaceport on a small moon near Mars, Detective Rawlings and the narrator await their ride to Earth. Detective Rawlings has one interesting story to share that is especially interesting for Mr. Maccar, an art dealer. Detective Rawlings, referred to as the Inspector, tells a story of a jewel thief named Danny who attempted to steal “Meridian Museum’s greatest treasure—the Siren Goddess” (35). This sandstone sculpture found on Mars depicts a female human head. The discovery of this statue contradicts what they know of Martian civilization: They were intelligent crustaceans that died out before humans developed on Earth.
The Inspector goes on to explain the jewel thief’s plan: Danny knew that Sundays on Mars were very quiet, as everything shuts down and people stay home to watch television. So, he plans to steal the statue on a Sunday and leave the next day, when he would look like any other tourist leaving with a replica of the statue. In fact, the narrator has just such a replica in his pocket. Danny spends Saturday in the museum, developing his plan. At closing time, he hides in a wall. No security measures are in place at the museum because the nature of life on Mars makes crime nearly impossible: “[E]very city on Mars is a closed little world of its own beneath the force-field that protects it from the freezing near-vacuum. […] [A] man will die in seconds without protection” (37). Therefore, no one can steal on Mars and run away with their goods.
Danny saws his way into the cabinet where the Goddess is kept on display. His plan is to replace the statue with a replica, reseal the cabinet, then mingle with the tourists who enter the museum on Monday morning until he can make his exit. However, on Sunday morning, with his work half finished, he is shocked by the appearance of the museum staff. He runs out the emergency exit and heads back to his hotel, still confused by the bustling activity of the city which should have been resting at home on a Sunday. The inspector explains to the narrator that unlike on Earth, where the international date line lies in the ocean, on Mars it falls on dry land. This means that in Meridian West, where Danny began, it was Sunday, but when he crossed the park to the museum in Meridian City, it became Saturday again, foiling his plan. Thus, he was easily caught at his hotel and received three years punishment.
The narrator asks the Inspector if he has any leads on the people who put Danny up to the task of stealing the sculpture. The Inspector responds that they don’t have any leads, “but a policeman always keeps his eyes open—like an art dealer, eh, Mr. Maccar?” (39). The art dealer looks sick and pale, which alerts the narrator to the idea that that the detective chose to tell this story as a way of letting Mr. Maccar know that he suspects him of being involved with the attempted theft.
“The Nine Billion Names of God” revels in irony and hypocrisy. The premise of the story hinges on a group of Tibetan monks who want to use technology to reach enlightenment more quickly. They believe that once they list all the possible names of God, using a special combination of letters, the end of the world will come, and they will be rewarded with life in heaven. Although they have taken vows to avoid using technology or indulging in impure activities—like sex, smoking, or drinking alcohol—they are actually “quite willing to embrace all the minor and most of the major pleasures of life” (18). The scientists think that the monks are crazy and humorously hypocritical. Yet they apply the same reverential attitude toward technology as a religious fanatic. This is symbolized by the airplane described in religious terms: “The battered old DC3 lay at the end of the runway like a tiny silver cross” (21). Finally, the story drives home the thematic irony when technology successfully completes the monks’ work and brings about the end of the world after all.
In the 1950s, when Arthur C. Clarke wrote many of his short stories, American culture was significantly more conservative than it is now. “I Remember Babylon,” written just before the revolutionary 1960s, references Alfred Kinsey and the famous Kinsey Reports: “Only thus will you understand how, with the aid of the late Dr. Alfred Kinsey, I have unwittingly triggered an avalanche that may sweep away much of Western civilization” (23). Kinsey’s books detailed common features of male and female sexuality. This shocked America because the books addressed taboo subjects and brought to light then-controversial sexual practices. Clarke’s story comments on the nefarious use of Kinsey’s reports to create propaganda and sexual advertising to influence the public, in accordance with the maxim “sex sells.” Clarke expresses his concern that America will lose its way if sex becomes an advertising tool. The title refers to a time before sin—or more specifically, a time before sex was used to manipulate and brainwash individuals.
The character of Hartford voices Clarke’s concerns by laying out an elaborate plan to use pornographic television content to get Americans hooked. Once hooked, they will watch anything else that comes on between sex scenes. Hartford works for Russia, meaning he will be feeding Russian propaganda to the American masses. He explains that he will use “America’s own decadence as a weapon against her, and it’s a weapon for which there’s no defense” (33). Clarke ends the story with the hope that it will serve as a warning. Reading this in 2021, after Russia attempted to interfere with the American election via social media and fake news, Clarke’s words seem prophetic.
Finally, “Trouble with Time” is an example of both the science fiction and mystery genre. The crime in question is mild, and the story focuses on the suspense created by the narration, rather than shocking details or gore as a thriller or work of true crime might. Much like a Sherlock Holmes story, the narrator plays a game of cat and mouse with the reader, providing snippets of information until the plot twist at the very end: Macaar is suspected of funding the heist. Through the use of interplanetary travel and differing Martian time zones, Clarke weaves science fiction into the mystery genre.
By Arthur C. Clarke