51 pages • 1 hour read
Raymond ChandlerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: The source material and this section of the guide discuss several homicides, including one that is staged to look like suicide, assault by police and other instances of violence, and alcohol addiction and sexism.
Private Detective Philip Marlowe visits the Los Angeles-based Gillerlain Company to meet with Derace Kingsley. Marlowe walks up to the desk of a blond woman working a telephone switchboard; the nameplate on the desk identifies her as Kingsley’s secretary, Adrienne Fromsett. Marlowe says he was sent by Lieutenant M’Gee, and he smokes cigarettes while he waits for Kingsley to come out of a meeting. When Kingsley comes out, he makes a show of being uninterested in Marlowe but eventually agrees to give him three minutes.
In the privacy of his office, Kingsley admits that he asked Sheriff Petersen, who is connected to M’Gee, to find him a detective. Marlowe discusses his rates and conditions—he doesn’t get involved in divorces. Kingsley wants Marlowe to find his wife, Crystal, who has been missing for a month, and suggests Marlowe investigate Kingsley’s cabin in Little Fawn Lake, up in the nearby mountains and near a man named Bill Chess. Kingsley shares a telegram from Crystal that says she is leaving him and marrying Chris Lavery. Two weeks after this telegram arrived, Kingsley was contacted by the Prescott Hotel and told that Crystal’s car was sitting unclaimed in their garage. He sent them a check and didn’t think much about it until he ran into Chris Lavery a few days prior to the meeting. Lavery claimed not to know where Crystal was, and Kingsley believed him because Lavery usually sleeps with multiple women and is known for being unwilling to settle down.
Kingsley doesn’t want to go to the police because Crystal has a history of shoplifting and drinking. He worries that without his protection, Crystal has landed in prison. Marlowe doubts this is the case and suggests that Crystal might have broken up with Lavery or been “met with foul play” (11). Kingsley and Crystal have separate bank accounts, so Kingsley can’t get information about Crystal’s spending, and they have no children. Marlowe agrees to talk to Lavery and Bill Chess, and Kingsley writes a letter for Marlowe to give to Chess. Fromsett gives Marlowe details about Lavery’s address, and Marlowe notices that she seems to dislike Lavery.
Marlowe knocks on the door of Lavery’s place in Bay City, but gets no response. Lavery’s neighbor across the street drives out of his garage and looks at Marlowe. Eventually, Lavery answers the door but refuses to talk to Marlowe. After Marlowe shows Lavery the telegram from Crystal, Lavery lets him in to talk. Lavery says he hasn’t seen Crystal in several months and didn’t plan to go to El Paso to marry her like the telegram says. When Marlowe asks more questions, Lavery insults Marlowe’s profession. Marlowe says he’ll be back because Lavery is withholding something, and Lavery spits on the floor. Marlowe goes outside and looks at the house across from Lavery’s.
The house has a nameplate that says, “Albert S. Almore, M.D.” (19). Almore returns in his car and stares at Marlowe as he walks inside. Marlowe sits in his car, smoking, and Almore watches through his window. Marlowe watches Almore make phone calls, then watches Lavery leave in his car and head toward the beach. Another car arrives, and its driver, Detective Lieutenant Degarmo, gets out and walks up to Marlowe’s car. Degarmo asks for Marlowe’s identification, Marlowe gives it to him, and Degarmo questions Marlowe about “casing Almore’s place” (23). Marlowe denies this accusation, and Degarmo spits on the ground. Then, Degarmo asks about “her folks” (24), and the narrative later reveals he is referring to Almore’s late wife’s parents. Marlowe says he has no interest in Almore, and Degarmo tells Marlowe to leave.
Marlowe goes back to Los Angeles to meet with Kingsley. After hearing what happened, Kingsley tells Marlowe that Almore was Crystal’s doctor for a while, and that Almore’s wife died by suicide. Kingsley assures Marlowe that he has enough daylight to get to the cabin by the lake.
Marlowe drives through San Bernardino and the past the armed sentries guarding the Puma Lake dam. When he arrives in Little Fawn Lake, he gives Kingsley’s “note of introduction” (28) to Bill Chess. Chess says that Crystal was last at the cabin a few weeks ago and that he hasn’t seen her since. Marlowe makes a joke about Chess knowing if the mattresses in Kingsley’s cabin are comfortable, implying that Chess slept with Crystal. Chess is offended by this, but admits that he is hungover. Marlowe offers him a bottle of rye.
As Chess drinks, he shares that his wife Muriel, left him on June 12, the same day Crystal was supposed to attend a party in town. Chess tells Marlowe that he cheated on Muriel with Crystal, and that the two women look somewhat similar. After Muriel discovered the affair, she left Chess. Chess shows Marlowe the note Muriel left behind, which says: “I’d rather be dead than live with you any longer” (33). Then, Chess thanks Marlowe for the drink and gives the bottle back.
Marlowe and Chess walk around the lake. Chess says that a movie production built the pier and millwheel they see. They go into Kingsley’s cabin, where Marlowe looks through Crystal’s clothes, admitting to Chess that he is investigating her disappearance. Marlowe asks if Muriel and Crystal could have gone off together, but Chess thinks this is highly unlikely. Then, Marlowe shows Chess the note from Crystal. Chess says Lavery has been to the lake once, but he doesn’t believe they ran off together. At the pier, Chess looks into the water and sees an arm poking out from under the boat landing. He tosses a rock in the lake, and the body is freed from underneath. It rises to the surface, and Marlowe can make out blond hair and jewelry, but not facial features, due to the body decomposing underwater. Chess identifies the corpse as Muriel. (The end of the novel reveals that this is not Muriel’s body but Crystal’s.)
Marlowe visits the local police station, meets Sheriff Patton, and reports finding the corpse in the lake. Patton gathers some bottles of alcohol to bring to Chess then heads out to pick up Doc Hollis. Marlowe follows Patton in his car.
Patton picks up Hollis and brings him to the lake. Chess sits on the pier, naked, having just retrieved the corpse out of the water. Patton gives Chess a bottle of alcohol. Patton’s deputy, Andy, covers the corpse, then vomits behind a tree. The corpse is too deteriorated for Hollis to learn much at this point. Patton says there has only been one murder in their community—Dad Meacham, killed over a small bag of gold. The killer, Guy Pope, had died of pneumonia before the police discovered Meacham’s body. Patton and Andy argue about how many years ago the murder took place. Chess gets dressed and tells the police to take him in. Patton doesn’t think Chess killed Muriel. The note she left is undated, and Patton thinks it might have been written earlier than Chess thinks. Chess hits himself in the face, then asks to change clothes before going to the station for questioning. Andy goes with Chess to his cabin.
Private detective Philip Marlowe is both the protagonist and the narrator of The Lady in the Lake. Because of this first-person perspective, the reader only sees what Marlowe sees, a technique that enhances the sense of mystery, as the reader learns of new developments at the same time that Marlowe does.
Like other Raymond Chandler novels, this one takes place in Southern California, in and around the city of Los Angeles. This novel is different from most in that the action is centered primarily in smaller, outlying communities: Bay City, a fictional city “south of Malibu” (13), and Little Fawn Lake, a fictional small town in the mountains past San Bernardino. These locations occupy opposite ends of the greater Los Angeles area, with Malibu far to the Southwest of the city and San Bernardino far to the Northeast. The novel explores the complex relationship between these outlying communities and the city of Los Angeles: Each would like to imagine itself as a bucolic, self-sufficient rural town, but each is inextricably tied by economic and cultural bonds to the metropolis, and neither is immune to the corruption and criminality that characterize Chandler’s Los Angeles. Another important aspect of the setting is that it takes place during World War II. Military sentries were installed at the Puma Lake dam during the war, though Chandler notes with irony that “beyond these details the war did not seem to have done anything much to Puma Lake” (26). The military sentries become significant at the end of the novel; this quote foreshadows how a sentry ends up killing Degarmo. The war, then, enables military personnel to execute a killer more easily than the civilian legal system.
This beginning section introduces the novel’s preoccupation with Identity and Deception. Many characters take on multiple identities throughout The Lady in the Lake. Characters also present different parts of their identities to different people. For instance, Marlowe gives Fromsett his business card “without the tommy gun in the corner” (2), but gives Kingsley the “other card, the one with the business on it” (4). When dealing with a female assistant, Marlowe offers a less violent card. When dealing with a male client, Marlowe reveals the violent side of his business. Both cards function to identify Marlowe, but one version is more explicit about the nature of the work he does. This section also includes early clues to the complicated multiple identities of one character who goes by Crystal, Muriel, Mildred, and Fallbrook. The day that Crystal is first known to be missing, when she never arrives for a party by the lake, is June 12. This is also the day that Muriel Chess leaves her husband. At the end of the novel, Chandler reveals that Muriel/Mildred killed Crystal on June 12 and started to impersonate her at that point. Mildred fits the literary archetype of the femme fatale, a stock character found in nearly all Chandler novels and throughout the hard-boiled detective fiction genre (and the film noir genre that it spawned in the world of cinema). In slipping almost seamlessly between identities, she reveals sexist anxieties about the social performance of femininity, weaponizing traditional signifiers of feminine glamor as disguises that allow her to kill and to escape justice. Mildred’s blond hair functions as a motif to develop the theme of Identity and Deception. Crystal Grace Kingsley is “blond like Muriel, same size and wright, same type, almost the same color eyes” (32). Crystal and Muriel (aka Mildred) look very similar. When he discovers the body in the lake, the primary way Bill Chess identifies it is by the blond hair, which remains intact. The body, on the other hand, decomposes while in the lake for about a month. The effacement of all markers of individual identity, leaving only the blond hair, suggests the habitual objectification by which a patriarchal culture reduces women to such conventional signifiers of femininity and glamor. Mildred simply turns this cultural habit to her advantage.
Another theme that Chandler introduces in this section is The Power of the Outsider. Marlowe’s profession is viewed negatively by many characters because he works alone and lacks the veneer of respectability that comes with an official law-enforcement role. For example, Bill Chess asks Marlowe, “You a real dick or just a shamus?” (37) and Marlowe replies “just a shamus” (37). This term—slang for a private investigator—comes up frequently throughout the novel. Both Chess and Lavery call Marlowe a “snooper” (18 and 38), another derogatory term for his line of work. Lavery also says being a private investigator is “pretty slimy” (16) work. This stigma against private investigators can be contrasted with the reputation of the official police, but Chandler uses this contrast to explore the broader contrast between appearances and reality. Beneath the surface, the seemingly respectable police force is rife with corruption, while Marlowe’s lack of institutional loyalty allows him to pursue the truth without compromise.
A corollary to the power of the outsider is the prevalence of Institutional Corruption. While the police officer Patton and his deputy Andy remain uncorrupted in the small town of Little Fawn Lake, the larger Bay City police department is thoroughly corrupt. As Marlowe travels around southern California for this case, the Bay City police function as a smaller-scale version of the Los Angeles police. Kingsley hires Marlowe, instead of the police, because he fears his wife Crystal’s kleptomania affecting his career. He says, “I’d be out of here in a hurry if my wife got mixed up with the police” (9). Thus far, Kingsley has been able to pay off the appropriate people in Los Angeles to keep stores from pressing charges when Crystal shoplifted. So, he avoids going to the Missing Persons Bureau at the beginning of the novel. Later, Kingsley learns that the Bay City police were involved in Crystal’s murder, which evinces another unforeseen benefit of choosing a private investigator instead of the police.
By Raymond Chandler