51 pages • 1 hour read
Rachel KushnerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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Reno moves to New York City a year before her trip back to Nevada. She wants to film with a Bolex Pro, the camera she borrowed from her university for a project and never returned. Her apartment is sparse with a borrowed mattress and a towel. The walls are bare, but Reno doesn’t want to decorate or furnish the blankness of the space. She frequents a coffee shop near her apartment where she makes friends with Giddle, an attractive waitress.
Two weeks into her move to New York, Reno strolls through the streets alone to take in the pace of the city. She hears a Nina Simone song coming from a bar. She enters and finds only two people at the bar, a beautiful woman named Nadine with her wealthy and eccentric husband Thurman. The woman invites Reno to join them.
Reno’s neighborhood around Mulberry Street is diverse, artistic, and strange. Young Italian boys, sons of Mafia men, fight with Puerto Rican kids while performances abound in the background. Although Reno has a particular desire to experience films, she finds more art and dance performances, some of them difficult to interpret. A man named Henri-Jean, for example, carries a barbershop pole around the neighborhood over his shoulder. Giddle tells Reno that he takes the pole to gallery openings and bonks people on the head “accidentally.”
Reno searches for spaces to be around artsy, intellectual people, but no one invites her along with them. Reno believes that solitude is part of moving to New York, but she has an implied desire for friendships. Even her burgeoning friendship with Giddle is complicated, as Reno can sense that Giddle is just as isolated as she is and often tells false stories. This loneliness informs her decision to sit with Nadine and Thurman in the bar, even though there is something off about them. Nadine tells her they’ve been kicked out of a wedding for drinking too much. Nadine and Thurman communicate with an illogical wildness that attracts Reno. Nadine tells her that her father was a pimp and her mother a sex worker. Thurman says Nadine was married before him, and Nadine tells Reno that she followed her ex around Northern Mexico for a bit. When Nadine tells Reno about a McDonald’s she visited in Mexico, Reno tries to share the story of when she was in high school and was cast in a McDonald’s commercial because she can ski. She and another girl in her school named Lisa even went to Los Angeles to film, but Lisa disappeared there and was never heard from again. Nadine constantly interrupts Reno with her own stories of being drugged at parties or meeting Ted Bundy.
Even though Nadine and Thurman are chaotic and don’t listen to her, Reno stays because she appreciates the company. A motorcycle pulls up to the bar and a handsome man walks in with “Marsden Hartley,” the name of an early 20th century painter, written in marker on his t-shirt. Reno can instantly tell that he’s friends with Thurman and Nadine. She is thrilled that she can talk to someone about Marsden Hartley and motorcycles. With this new addition, Thurman relaxes a bit and speaks more cohesively. The new guy asks Reno about why she moved to New York, and they all try to guess at what type of art or man brought her here. Reno tells them she’s not in New York to fall in love, though she isn’t actively avoiding it either. She remembers being in love with Chris Kelly, an art student at her university who tried to make a film of Nina Simone and was shot in the arm by Nina in France for trespassing. Reno’s time with Chris was fleeting, and her crush was not reciprocated. Reno knew Chris Kelly also moved to New York City, but when she tried to call him, his number was out of service.
She tells the new guy that she’s from Nevada, and he nicknames her Reno. They talk about his friends who are artists, one of whom is also from Nevada. Thurman, his mysterious male friend, and Nadine don’t answer or ask direct questions, as if it would be too boring to get to know someone. They just swap grandiosities, and Reno is told that Thurman is a famous artist, which may or may not be true—she can’t be sure. Nadine wants to go to another bar, so they take their drinks and pile into Thurman’s Cadillac, a chauffeur ready to take them to the next destination. They joke about gas prices, and the friend says that’s why he rides his motorcycle. Reno tells him that she used to ride a motorcycle, before she had to sell it to move to New York. She tells him she rode a Moto Valera, and he tells her that he knows a guy named Valera but is no longer associated with the company. He also cracks jokes about Nazi vehicles and machines. Reno and the friend whisper to one another, and she can sense an attraction developing when the friend moves his hand to her leg.
They end up at a hotel, where they dance and drink. Reno nearly kisses the friend, but they’re both enjoying the withholding of their attraction from one another. The two couples switch dance partners, but when Thurman watches his friend with Nadine, he slowly takes out a gun, clicks it, then points it at them. The friend laughs and Thurman tosses the gun at him. The friend opens it to reveal blanks. Thurman and Nadine drag each other away, and the friend brings Reno to the rooftop. Reno and the handsome stranger finally kiss with the sounds of Thurman and Nadine shooting each other with blanks in the background.
After his epic motorcycle ride through the city, Valera declares in writing that he is dead—a new Valera must be born. Valera joins the gang of motorcycle riders from the Café and buys his own motorcycle, the fastest in the crew. Their leader is Lonzi, another wealthy Milanese heir with a penchant for subversion. He advocates for living in the moment and erasing from consciousness all the traditions and rules that bind people in society. Lonzi is aggressive in his shock factor and dismissive of cultural norms, and he has little respect for women. He convinces the group of young motorcyclists to join the war effort against the Austrian-Hungarian empire as yet another way of turning the regular world upside down. The young Italian men join assault regiments, and Valera ends up in a motorcycle unit with Copertini. Valera and Lonzi survive the war, but half of their motorcycle group dies, including Copertini who runs into a tree. After the war, Valera aspires to design the fastest motorcycle in the world. His father agrees to fund production if the design works, and with financial support on his mind, Valera tries to design the motorcycle almost as a weapon.
A month after meeting the strangers with the gun, Reno decides to apply for a job posted in the paper. The posting calls for a presentable person with film experience. Giddle helps get Reno ready with hair and makeup and reveals that she often sleeps with men for money and help with rent. Reno is sometimes confused by Giddle but grateful for their friendship.
Later, Reno meets Marvin and Eric who own a processing lab called Bowery Film. Even though her job is mostly dealing with customers, Reno is also used as a model for proper coloring in the editing process.
Giddle tells Reno about how she became an actress. She had been part of Andy Warhol’s Factory crowd, going to parties and trying to get into movies and modeling. One day, she met a waitress at a diner who revealed that she was a sociologist pretending to be a waitress for research. Giddle was attracted to this idea of life as a performance, so she became a diner waitress and found that it was easy to completely lose sight of who she was before and adopt to the waitress life entirely. Reno wonders why she’s friends with Giddle, who seems so alone and behaves strangely.
At work, Marvin and Eric tell Reno that a man has been asking about her, wanting to meet her. Reno hopes that it’s the friend of the strangers from the bar. They tell her his name is Sandro Valera, an Italian artist. Reno recognizes the name from the motorcycle company, and Giddle tells her that he’s famous and has an art show coming up at a gallery she could check out. Reno goes to his gallery and observes Sandro’s art. She describes the empty cube structures as “Minimalism.” Giddle tells her that Sandro is older, good-looking, and into younger women. Later, when she and Sandro are a couple, Reno will remember what Giddle said and wonder whether Sandro really loved her.
Marvin gives Sandro Reno’s number, and even though he is not the stranger from the bar as she had hoped, she finds him handsome and interesting. On their first date, they walk through Chinatown and he touches her in a movie theater without any ceremony, though Reno finds it erotic, nonetheless. They continue a walk around the neighboring streets after the movie, and they witness a man drowning in the Hudson River. Sandro saves him by lassoing him and pulling him onto the shore while Reno calls for help. When she sees that the man saved from drowning is wearing several layers of clothing and has a perplexed look in his eyes, she realizes that he was trying to kill himself.
On their second date at an Italian restaurant, Sandro and Reno delve deeply into her childhood and sense of self. Reno believes that Sandro cares to know and love every part of her. When Reno goes over to Sandro’s place for the first time, she meets his best friend: Ronnie Fontaine, the very same man from that night with Thurman and Nadine.
Ronnie and Sandro met at age 18, when they both worked as security guards at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. They were both fascinated with a Greek statue of a little enslaved girl, a statue Sandro later shows to Reno. When Reno and Ronnie meet again at Sandro’s home, they pretend not to know each other. Ronnie and Sandro begin to hang out at Reno’s favorite diner, where Giddle works. Giddle is largely dismissive of the men and doesn’t trust famous people. Sandro is extremely dismissive of Italy, his home country. Meanwhile, Ronnie, forever poking fun at Sandro’s family history, keeps his own childhood a secret. Sandro introduces Reno to the commercial art world, and with his connections she plans her landscape artwork on the salt flats in Nevada. Ronnie suggests that she borrow a Moto Valera from Sandro, which seems to displease Sandro. Ultimately, Sandro sets Reno up with a motorcycle for her project.
In Nevada, Reno awakes from her motorcycle crash. In the silence of her accident, she sees incredible colors in the landscapes around her. She is somewhere on a hillside, and soon a rescue team on skis finds her and helps her down the slope. They call for medics, and Reno tells them she’s with the Valera team to avoid being charged for an ambulance. The Valera medical team helps patch her up, and she asks to go back to the scene of the crash to take her photographs. A technician brings her over, and Reno is pleased to see the tracks in the snow. She takes her photographs then continues to stay with the Valera team for five days while she heals. The medical and technician teams take a liking to her, and Tonino especially loves that she can speak Italian, a relic of her year abroad in Florence. The star motorist, Didi Bombonato, opposed taking her in but has to accept her presence even though they don’t like each other. Didi prepares for his major speed trial, with a crowd of spectators who have stayed precisely to watch this. Before he begins, however, Tonino stops him. Their union in Milan voted on and called for a strike, so Tonino and his team can’t work. Then they point out that they’ve left several company procedural steps incomplete, thereby slowing the day down with bureaucracy. This drags on a for days, with the Moto Valera team working at a snail’s pace in order to honor their strike, infuriating Didi. Tonino tells Reno about the war between Valera factory workers and the company back home in Italy. Reno tries to get in contact with Sandro but is told that a woman picked up his phone and said he wasn’t there.
Reno recalls the story Sandro told her about his friend from Argentina, whom he names M in order to protect his privacy. M’s father was involved in the Argentine dictatorship, a fact that tantalizes people who discover this about M. Sandro and M bond over having fathers they want to be separate from and family names they want to escape.
Finally, the strike ends and Didi runs his speed trials, breaking his own world record. He immediately flies to Europe to promote Valera tires, while Reno and the technician team celebrate. Tonino proposes an idea to Reno. He wants to make sure that the American team who are on their way don’t beat Didi’s time. Tonino wants to stay on at the salt flats, train Reno in the vehicle Didi drove called The Spirit of Italy, and have her beat the women’s record. By taking up the space with training and a speed trial, the Valera team can wait out the American team until the rains come.
The twists and turns of each chapter express an undercurrent of violence. Kushner surprises readers with sudden and strange passages, such as “There are no palm trees […] the night I met the people with the gun” (116). This structure keeps the reader engaged, but more importantly it enables Kushner to mimic the chaos of Reno’s inner world within the form of her novel. Reno’s life in New York City is unpredictable, fast-moving, and filled with potential. This highlights the youthful quality of Reno and the themes Kushner sets out to explore in her writing. In Reno, the reader can project their own desires for the freedom and insanity of young adulthood. This vibrant energy, and the way Reno embraces the lack of structure in her life, also emphasizes the tone of the time period. The art world of New York City in the 1970s is known for its wildness, subversion, and celebrity. Thus, by formatting her novel in a fragmented, spastic manner, Kushner explores both the universal freedom in the 70s and the pursuit of individual freedom in Reno’s journey.
In the first few chapters, Kushner places Reno in a situation that is vast in its loneliness. Reno can’t figure out how or where to make friends in the city, and her only friend Giddle is odd and possibly a pathological liar. The characterization of Reno as lonely gives a desperate humanity to the narrator; she is very cool and rebellious, but in her desire to be seen and loved she is utterly human and relatable. Reno’s isolation is heightened by Kushner’s characterization of New York City, which acts as its own character in the novel. New York is fast, cold, exhilarating, and alienating. Reno’s transition to New York is fraught with loneliness, but the implication is that Reno is essentially paying her dues, going through the growth that a difficult city like New York forces its residents to endure. This loneliness also motivates Reno to seize opportunities for socialization when they’re in front of her, such as when she meets Thurman and Nadine in the bar. They act so bizarrely and aggressively, and she can’t get a word in, but still, she follows them, hoping for their friendship even if for just one night.
Names become a prevalent symbol in these chapters. Our narrator finally receives a name, Reno. That this is not actually her name means that Kushner continues to keep her reader in the dark about who Reno is. It is markedly odd that no one asks for her name, demonstrating that it’s probable that many of the people Reno meets and befriends don’t care that much about her. The night Reno meets Ronnie, she doesn’t ask his name because she wants to live in a murky, grey space with him. Reno thinks that learning his name would erase part of the strange magic of the night. Later, she’ll meet him again and get to know him, but it is striking that Reno wants to be a stranger and wants to be with strangers. By purposefully withholding names, Kushner is able to keep some mystery and tension alive throughout her prose. Kushner emphasizes Reno’s desire for radical freedom by not giving her a name; Reno can be any person she wants to be in this new, nameless life in New York.
These chapters also feature Reno’s developing relationships with Sandro and Ronnie. Gender issues arise, and Kushner uses these relationships to challenge the masculine status quo of society. The male characters have remarkably outdated perceptions of what women are or should be. Valera and his motorcycle gang friends dismiss women as weaker people who desire stability, whereas men are inherently interested in speed. Valera’s fixation on a young woman from his childhood—a woman who did not return his feelings of lust and thus indirectly rejected him—serves as a foil for his new life in Italy. He replaces his attraction to women with an attraction to speed and develops a misogynistic attitude of superiority over women.
This attitude is practiced decades later, between Valera’s descendent and Reno. Sandro is kind and attentive to Reno, but there are warning signs about the nature of their relationship from the very beginning. Reno realizes that Sandro treats love like a contest, as though he has selected Reno from the many possible candidates available to him. Sandro is much older than Reno, and the suspicion that he values Reno for her youth is first brought up by Giddle. Reno can’t quite forget about it. As attentive as Sandro is to Reno, he holds the power in the relationship. He has money, connections to the art world Reno wants to be a part of, and financial security. Reno is constantly at Sandro’s disposal, following him literally and figuratively. The relationship is somewhat at odds with Reno’s overall ethos. On the one hand, she’s attracted to Sandro with a deep passion, which is consistent with her characterization thus far. But on the other hand, she is very much under his spell and a part of his life, which opposes her desire for independence. That she is so young and therefore inexperienced heightens this issue of power; Reno doesn’t really know yet that Sandro is not the man for her because she doesn’t have enough experience to understand his adult world and mannerisms. Because Reno tells her story in the first-person point of view, Kushner encourages the reader to be on Reno’s side and suspicious of Sandro, foreshadowing future conflict.
To further complicate the dynamics of Reno’s relationship with Sandro, Sandro’s best friend Ronnie is reintroduced—the same stranger that Reno spent a night with months earlier. Before meeting Sandro, Reno had been hoping that one day she would see Ronnie again. The coincidence of meeting him again and becoming friends with him through Sandro is quite surprising. Neither of them tells Sandro about the hookup, and they don’t discuss it with one another. Kushner invites the reader to wonder if the secret implies that Reno and Ronnie have a special bond that’s intimate to them only, or if this indicates Ronnie’s dishonesty.
The motif of freedom emerges again. When Ronnie and Sandro introduce Reno to their favorite statue, the little Greek enslaved girl, Reno feels sorry for the nameless girl. Sandro says that emancipation is being remembered. This new idea of what freedom could be further differentiates Sandro and Reno. Although Reno is trying to figure out what freedom means to her, Sandro is more settled in his idea that being remembered is a type of freedom, a perspective that very much aligns with his celebrity lifestyle. This connects to Giddle’s assertion that only truly weak people desire fame. These two dueling perspectives of celebrity foreshadow quirks and tears in Sandro’s relationship with himself, thereby foreshadowing issues for Reno as well. Reno does use Sandro’s family name to help her along, but the reader is unsure if Reno is with him for that access or in spite of that notoriety.
By Rachel Kushner
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