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56 pages 1 hour read

Hanna Pylväinen

The End of Drum-Time

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2023

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Part 1, Chapters 1-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary

Content Warning: This section of the guide describes and discusses the novel’s treatment of cultural erasure and religious coercion. This section also contains references to abuse.

The book opens on the darkest day of the year, marked by perpetual twilight in a northern village. Pastor Lars Levi Laestadius is uneasy, feeling the weight of a significant but unclear dream. The village church fills with parishioners, including Finns and Sámi, who are drawn by rumors of Lars Levi's increasingly fervent sermons. Henrik, the bell ringer, sneaks away to his store, known for illegally selling alcohol.

Lars Levi anxiously prepares for the service, noting the mixed congregation. As he begins his sermon, a reindeer herder, Biettar Rasti, enters, drawing everyone's attention. Biettar, burdened by his family's decline and his own failings, collapses at the altar, a dramatic moment that Lars Levi initially interprets as a spiritual awakening. However, an earthquake disrupts the scene, shaking the church and causing panic.

Lars Levi grapples with the chaos, trying to find divine meaning in the earthquake. His daughter Willa, dutiful yet contemplative, takes her younger brother Lorens outside to calm him. Henrik, feeling trapped and disillusioned, rushes to the church amid the turmoil. Biettar, at Lars Levi's fervent urging, declares his spiritual rebirth and speaks cryptically of divine forgiveness. Willa interprets the earthquake as a divine message directed at her, not Biettar.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary

The narrative shifts to Ivvár, a young Sámi herder who is struggling with the harsh winter conditions and the responsibilities of managing the reindeer herd in his father Biettar’s absence. Ivvár battles the elements and his exhaustion, trying to maintain the herd while resenting his father for leaving him alone and shirking his duties, presumably to indulge in drinking.

Ivvár's thoughts frequently turn to Risten Tomma, a young woman he has been seeing despite her engagement to another man, Mikkol Piltto. He acknowledges his lack of serious commitment to Risten and reflects on his complicated feelings toward her and his shortcomings as a herder.

As Ivvár tends to the herd, he becomes increasingly anxious about his father's prolonged absence. When Biettar finally returns, their reunion is tense. Biettar attempts to share about his spiritual awakening at the church with Ivvár, and his son’s confusion and resentment deepen.

Biettar's change is evident in his newfound quiet demeanor and his inclination to hum church hymns. Despite Biettar's efforts to connect and invite Ivvár to church, Ivvár remains resistant and skeptical of his father's transformation. A strained silence occurs between them, as Ivvár retreats to his duties outside, unwilling to engage with his father’s religious fervor.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary

Old Sussu, a traditional Sámi woman, is shocked and disturbed by Biettar's conversion. She travels to the Tomma family's siida to gossip and share her concerns, reflecting on the changes and potential impacts on their community. Old Sussu speculates about Biettar and his son Ivvár, suspecting Ivvár's influence in Risten Tomma's troubled engagement with Mikkol Piltto.

Risten, distracted by Old Sussu's presence and insinuations, struggles to focus on her sewing. Old Sussu's comments make Risten uncomfortable, especially as she tries to defend Biettar. As they discuss Biettar's conversion, Old Sussu hints at supernatural influences, suggesting Biettar might have caused the recent earthquake. She also notes that wolverines are a significant problem, and Risten recounts an incident where she had to fend off a wolverine attacking a reindeer. They also discuss economic pressures in the community.

Risten's thoughts drift to her complicated relationship with Ivvár, recalling their past interactions and her feelings for him. Despite her family's expectations and her own doubts, Risten is drawn to Ivvár's defiance and charm, which contrast with Mikkol's steadiness. Risten and her mother assist Nilsa Tomma in slaughtering reindeer calves, providing a temporary distraction from the emotional turmoil and community gossip.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary

While similar events have occurred before, Biettar's repentance is significant due to his standing in the community. His frequent presence at the parsonage, surprising for a herder, signifies a major change, though settlers do not grasp its full implications. There, Biettar engages in theological discussions with Pastor Lars Levi Laestadius, often posing philosophical questions that challenge his and his family's understanding. During one visit, Willa sews while contemplating her future trip to Uppsala, reflecting on the contrast between her current life and the expectations of higher society.

On Christmas, Henrik is invited to dinner at the parsonage, where he feels out of place and judged. The Laestadius family, especially Brita, the pastor’s wife, express their disapproval of him. Henrik's attempts to impress fall flat, particularly when he clumsily discusses Sámi culture and shamanism, revealing his ignorance.

Willa visits the sauna with her sister, Nora. Nora reflects on Henrik's interest in her and their differing physiques. The sisters’ conversation reveals Nora's skepticism about shamans and Henrik's credibility.

Part 1, Chapter 5 Summary

It is a harsh winter for the Sámi herders marked by increased predator attacks and severe weather. The herders, including women, are pushed to their limits and struggle to protect their dwindling reindeer herds. Ivvár feels the pressure of their precarious situation, knowing that their herd is too small to sustain him and his father, let alone support a future spouse or children.

Risten visits him unexpectedly, arriving in a cheerful mood despite the dire circumstances. Her presence, however, only highlights the embarrassment Ivvár feels about his small herd and poor living conditions. Their conversation is awkward, filled with unspoken tensions and Ivvár's realization that he cannot provide for her. Despite her attempts to engage him, he remains distant. Unable to handle the situation, he decides to leave for town. He makes his way to Rikki's store, seeking brännvin (liquor) to escape his troubles. At the store, Ivvár secures a bottle of brännvin on credit despite his and his father’s mounting debt, and he drinks quickly to dull his senses. He learns from Rikki that Biettar has been spending time at the parsonage, not the store as Ivvár assumed.

Ivvár heads toward the church, intending to find his father, but he collapses in the snow, too drunk and tired to continue. Willa notices him and helps him up. Their interaction is brief but marked by a sense of mutual curiosity and tension.

Part 1, Chapter 6 Summary

Willa finds herself preoccupied with thoughts of Ivvár after their encounter. She frequently relives the moment, cherishing the memory of his fall and their brief interaction. Meanwhile, she grapples with feelings of guilt and shame as she compares her lack of spiritual fervor to the intense religious experiences of the Sámi herders who now frequent the parsonage. The confessions of the herders, many involving sins related to drinking, fascinate and disturb her.

Henrik, the storekeeper, receives a letter from his uncle Frans. The letter expresses concern about Henrik's lack of communication and hints at his impending visit to collect debts. Troubled by the letter, Henrik resorts to drinking to cope with his stress.

Willa continues to hope for another encounter with Ivvár and often ventures out under the pretext of setting traps, hoping to see him. When they finally meet again, their conversation is awkward yet charged with unspoken emotions. They flirt and share stories, but there's a palpable tension between them. Ivvár, feeling the weight of his father's newfound religious zeal and his responsibility for their dwindling herd, seeks solace in his meetings with Willa. However, their interactions are tinged with mutual misunderstandings. When Willa reveals that Biettar is set to become a lay preacher and will travel to spread Lars Levi's sermons, Ivvár is taken aback, realizing that his father has been preparing for this without informing him. Ivvár decides to abandon his responsibilities temporarily and seeks out Rikki for more brännvin.

Part 1, Chapters 1-6 Analysis

The End of Drum-Time delves into the lives of Scandinavian people, exploring the Sámi struggle to maintain their cultural identity, resist religious and cultural assimilation by settlers, and uphold their spiritual connection to nature amid external pressures. The theme of Cultural Identity and Survival is depicted through the portrayal of the Sámi community's daily life and struggles. The harsh winter conditions and predator attacks on the reindeer herds are a constant reminder of the delicate balance the Sámi must maintain to preserve their way of life. Ivvár's role as a herder highlights the connection the Sámi have with their reindeer, which are not just a source of livelihood but a cornerstone of their cultural identity. The intricate details of herding practices, the use of bells, and the importance of maintaining the herd's health and numbers all underscore the theme of survival amid adversity.

Resistance Against Religious and Cultural Assimilation is a central conflict in The End of Drum-Time and is particularly illustrated through Biettar's conversion and the community's varied reactions. Biettar's embrace of Christianity, while representing a symbolic intrusion of settler religion into Sámi spiritual life, is also a method of survival and perhaps a genuine conversion. This complexity is indicative of syncretism, where elements of different religious traditions merge. Old Sussu's shock and dismay at Biettar's newfound faith reflect the broader resistance within the Sámi community to the encroaching influence of Laestadian Christianity, yet Biettar's actions also suggest adaptability and the blending of belief systems as a response to external pressures.

Biettar's conversion is not just a personal transformation but a multifaceted event that intertwines survival, spiritual awakening, and syncretism. Ivvár's skepticism and his father's struggle to reconcile his past with his newfound beliefs further underscore this tension. The community's response to Lars Levi's sermons, marked by mixed feelings, highlights the complex dynamics of cultural and religious assimilation. These dynamics are not simply a binary of resistance versus acceptance but involve a spectrum of responses that include adaptation, syncretism, and struggle, reflecting the community's efforts to navigate and negotiate their cultural identity in the face of changes.

The Role of Nature in Indigenous Spirituality is also woven into the narrative. The perpetual twilight of the northern landscape, the significance of the reindeer, and the spiritual interpretation of natural events such as the earthquake all highlight the intertwining of nature and spirituality in Sámi life. Lars Levi's belief in the divine significance of natural phenomena and the Sámi's traditional practices, like leaving offerings at sieidis (sacred places), underscore a worldview where the natural and spiritual realms are interconnected. Ivvár's detailed observations of his herd, his father's teachings about reading the land, and the use of natural materials in daily life all emphasize this connection.

Interpersonal conflict and family dynamics also play a significant role in the narrative. The strained relationship between Ivvár and his father, Biettar, is a central focus. Biettar's absence and subsequent return with a newfound religious fervor create tension and confusion for Ivvár, who struggles with feelings of abandonment and resentment. The generational clash between father and son highlights the broader thread of familial expectations and the challenges of living up to them. Willa's interactions with her father, Lars Levi, and her contemplative nature reveal the underlying dynamics in the Laestadius family. Her sense of duty contrasts with her inner turmoil and desire for personal conviction. Lars Levi's sternness and high expectations for his children add another layer of complexity to their family life, illustrating the pressures of living under the scrutiny of a religious leader.

Community and social structures among the Sámi people and the mixed congregation highlight the theme of community. The interactions between different families, the gossip shared by Old Sussu, and the communal activities such as church services and reindeer herding underscore the importance of community bonds and social cohesion. The community's response to Biettar's conversion and the earthquake reveals the collective anxiety and the role of communal beliefs in shaping individual actions. These interactions showcase the tight-knit nature of the Sámi community and the challenges they face in preserving their cultural identity amid external pressures.

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