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53 pages 1 hour read

Salman Rushdie

The Enchantress Of Florence

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2008

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Themes

The Power of Stories

The Enchantress of Florence is a story about stories. From the first moments, Mogor heads toward Sikri with the goal of telling his story to an audience of precisely one person. However, the totalizing nature of this narrative soon splinters; the story of Mogor becomes the story of the three friends in Florence, which then becomes the story of Argalia’s experiences in the Ottoman Empire. Each time, the structure of the novel embeds a story within a story until a point where fiction and reality blend together for the characters. Added to this, the use of historical figures reflects this blend back toward the audience. Real people like Niccolo Machiavelli and Emperor Akbar encounter fictional characters such as Qara Koz and Mogor. The fictional exists within the historical, blending together until neither the audience nor the characters themselves can be certain what is real and what is fiction. In the world of the novel, the power of stories is such that everything is a story and everyone is a character.

The delicate nature of reality is a consequence of the power of stories. In a world where everything is a story, reality is not beholden to truth. As Mogor tries to tell his story to the emperor, the ephemeral nature of truth becomes secondary to the importance of the story. The story of Qara Koz fascinates Akbar. He is compelled by the idea that the strange man in front of him may actually be his uncle. As a result, Akbar is willing to overlook the likelihood that Mogor killed a man. The trial of Mogor is a sham, resolved by a trick, in which the only reason the case is dropped is because tired, bereaved sailors wish to travel home rather than wait in the dungeon. Mogor’s innocence is a fiction which becomes reality through the power of stories. The story he is telling is so powerful that the emperor essentially declares him to be an innocent man, washing away terrible sins as the result of a compelling narrative. Akbar is willing to reshape the world on a fictitious whim, declaring people innocent or imagining women into existence. To the most powerful man in the empire, stories are so important that they should obliterate morality and reality in equal measure.

The power of stories allows Akbar to reshape his world, but he is shown to be beholden to his own fascination. At the end of Mogor’s story, Akbar takes control. He asserts his authority and finishes the story on the behalf of the storyteller. Akbar’s story is so powerful that Mogor is damned in the eyes of the court and sent away. Before Akbar can undo his mistake, Mogor is nearly killed, and he flees the city. A short time later, Sikri’s lake begins to disappear, and the people must abandon the city. Akbar examines the downfall of Sikri and his role in the abandonment of the city in purely narrative terms. Rather than think about the scientific explanation for the loss of the lake, his mind immediately fills in any possible explanation with a moralizing narrative. Akbar cannot help but think in terms of stories. He is the protagonist of the universe; any action is a narrative consequence of his mistakes or his accomplishments. Stories are so powerful in The Enchantress of Florence that even the ruler of the Mughal Empire has internalized a narrative interpretation of his own existence. The physical reality of the world is replaced by an expectation of storytelling; for the most powerful man in the empire, the stories are simply more powerful.

The Universality of Human Experiences

Throughout the novel, events and characters seem to exist across generations and borders. People and actions defy time, eventually becoming repeated in the version of history which people repeat to one another. In both Sikri and Florence, the characters meet sex workers who are referred to as the Skeleton and the Mattress due to their respective size differences. Similarly, Akbar begins his own story by unconsciously imitating his own grandfather. He kills a man whose grandfather was killed by Akbar’s grandfather for a similar crime many generations before. The repetition of these events and characters creates the suggestion of a universal human experience. Though the places, people, and cultures depicted in the novel differ, they possess a distinct and universal human element which cannot be denied. These repeated characters then serve to make the same mistakes, feel the same emotions, and fall in love with the same people, as though they are merely performing historical archetypes which are fashioned from a script of the human condition.

The echoes and reflections of characters and events are not necessarily accidental. At times, the characters show an awareness of the need for a universal human experience and they deliberately shape their stories in such a way as to draw attention to this. Mogor is an example of this behavior, as he is speaking directly to a man who has the power of life and death over him. Mogor is interested in creating a compelling world for Akbar, as well as showing the emperor that people can be bound together across cultures and time. His story is self-serving, so his deliberate repetition of motifs and ideas during his story can be read as a cynical attempt to inspire empathy in his audience. In a similar way, Qara Koz uses her various identities to elicit emotional responses from her audiences by reflecting their desires back to them. Her servant is even called the Mirror, so that both Qara Koz and the Mirror function as identity-based expressions of the public’s desire to see echoes and repetitions. Qara Koz and Mogor are storytellers, using tropes and motifs to create links between different people and places for their own cynical benefit.

The echoes and reflections across time are not always necessarily positive. People repeat mistakes, as well as gestures. Akbar’s conjuring of Qara Koz comes at the expense of his own wife; he repeats the mistake of men who fall in love with her illusory self, only to lose everything in the process. Mogor follows his ancestors’ tendency to fall so in love with his own story as to lose his agency. Like Ago many years before, his reality becomes a confused blur of what he wants to believe rather than what is real. The shared nature of these mistakes speaks to a universal humanity which is shared among the wildly different characters. Their mistakes spring from a shared tragic flaw, a very human capacity for error which cannot be corrected or helped. No amount of time, distance, or education can correct this fundamental human desire. As such, the echoes and reflections will continue to pass down through the ages.

The Uses and Dangers of Enchantment

The Enchantress of Florence can be categorized as a magical-realist novel. In this genre, magic and the fantastical are often treated as real, mundane elements of existence (See: Background). The characters may not be able to explain the magic they see or experience, but they regard it as a fundamental part of the world. The novel treats the very idea of existence itself as magical and works back from this position, imbuing everyday ideas and actions with a magical dimension which exceeds the audience’s understanding or expectation. Jodha is created from the emperor’s imagination, for example, and Dashwanth disappears into his own paintings. For the characters, this treatment of magic is an attempt to navigate a confusing, chaotic world. Since they are unable to explain many of the material or physical conditions which govern their lives, the existence of magic allows them to ascribe to the supernatural many forces which are beyond their control.

Not all magic in The Enchantress of Florence is positive. Magic can be used to trick and to beguile, such as when Mogor sneaks aboard a ship and distracts the crew from his crimes by performing illusions. Mogor’s tricks are not true magic, but they distract the crew, nonetheless. They are part of an elaborate lie, just as much of a lie as his supposed understanding of morality. In a more magical sense, Mogor uses the power of storytelling to bring people under his spell. The ship’s crew and the emperor are both enchanted by his stories, even while knowing them to be outlandish and almost certainly untrue. In a similar way, Qara Koz uses her beauty to beguile her audiences, whether that audience is a rival warlord who has killed her husband or the entire city of Florence. She knows how to manipulate and perform for audiences, lulling them into an almost enchanted form of seduction which appears to them like magic. Like Mogor, Qara Koz is forced to use a devious form of magic for her own protection.

The spells the characters cast can break just as quickly. Magic may be real in the universe of The Enchantress of Florence, but it has an expedient moral dimension. People are willing to believe in the enchanting illusions of Qara Koz or Mogor, but only for so long. Soon, people tire of Mogor’s tricks and they turn against him. For Qara Koz, the eponymous enchantress of Florence, the journey from enchantress to witch is conducted along the route of public perception. Nothing about her changes, other than the material conditions of the city which was under her spell. When the world around her changes, the same old stories and spells no longer work. Magic and witchcraft are hollow constructions, convenient expressions of a public morality which lacks a language with which to express itself.

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