62 pages • 2 hours read
R. F. KuangA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Nezha wakes Rin and Kitay early so they are awake as they sail into his home city, Arlong, an “amphibious city” of interconnected islands. Nezha points out the beaches of his youth and guides Rin, Kitay, and the Cike through water channels to the military district. He confesses that Vaisra has been preparing for this war since before he was born. They are outfitted with new uniforms, which are stronger, more flexible, and more expensive than the Empire’s militia-issued uniforms. The armory, barracks, and munitions are also all more sophisticated.
Later, when Rin is alone, Nezha takes her to a shipyard where defensive warships are being built. He says a fire broke out, setting construction back months. Many thought it was a sign that the rebellion would fail, but Vaisra thought it was a sign to recruit Rin. Nezha shows Rin “militarized lily pads” that are large enough to support soldiers as they run across the water (185).
Their tour is interrupted by Nezha’s oldest sibling, Jinzha. He mocks Nezha for playing “tour guide,” needles Rin about her ability to call fire, and laughs at her when she can’t explain how her power works. He mocks the Speerly race and Altan, calling him a “dirt-skinned idiot who blew himself up for nothing” (187). Nezha defends Rin, but Jinzha continues bullying her. Rin calls up her anger and power, but when she tries to use fire, she experiences extreme pain and blacks out.
When she wakes up, she is terrified that Vaisra will discard her if she doesn’t have her power. She and Chaghan ascend to the realm of the gods to try to get to the bottom of this. When Rin tries to call the Phoenix, she’s cut off by “a giant word” that is blocking her access (190). Chaghan explains it is Daji’s venom, acting as a seal to block her access to the spirit world. Over time, it’ll eat away her memory and powers. He explains that Rin can enter the seal and destroy the memory that contains the venom.
Rin sees Altan on the Isle of Speer. Chaghan tells her to kill him, but she can’t. Instead, her mind turns against Chaghan, entering one of his own memories with Altan. Rin realizes Chaghan felt the same complicated mixture of love and fear toward Altan that Rin had. Chaghan forcefully ends the memory, and they are both angry with one another.
The next morning, Eriden tells Rin to pretend like she still has her powers. In the hall, she hears her old classmate Sring Venka arguing with her father. In Golyn Niis, the Mugenese forced Venka to work in a “relaxation house” where she was raped often. Her father wants to disown her for the loss of her “dignity.” The Mugenese also physically abused her, leading to a disability in her arms. Venka knows she can still be a good archer despite this, but no one else believes her.
Tsolin, the Snake Warlord, is joined by the Rooster, Monkey, and Boar Warlords as they secede from the Empire and spend their days debating strategy with Vaisra.
Rin trains with Nezha, using Altan’s trident. At night, she tries to kill the vision of Altan, but she can’t. Nezha tries to convince Rin to fight with a sword rather than with Altan’s trident. Nezha points out that Altan wasn’t someone to look up to, but Rin shuts the conversation down.
Since the southern provinces control the country’s food, the warlords decide to starve out the north. Kitay is horrified, as this means many innocent civilians will die. He wants to launch an offensive immediately, before winter traps them in the north. Vaisra dismisses him for insolence. Kitay thinks famine and starvation will ruin a new Republic. Nezha urges him to be tactful with his strategic propositions. The army starts preparing for a defensive war. Rin works on integrating the Cike with the army.
The Hesperians bring in three flying craft, carrying baskets underneath. Nezha says they are allies. Rin sees Hesperians for the first time and is put off by “their coloring, their features, their proportions” (220). She cannot tell the men apart and is confused by their tube-like weapons called arquebuses. They have also brought the hooded Gray Company, who are a combination of priests and scientists. They are accompanied by Saikhara, Nezha’s mother. When she sees Rin, she orders the generals to seize her. They fire at her and knock her out.
When she wakes up, Nezha tells Rin the Hesperians want to study her. Rin tries to escape, but Nezha restrains her. He says he won’t let harm come to her and urges her to be patient and not ruin an alliance that was dozens of years in the making.
Rin is wary about inviting Hesperians into the country, but Nezha thinks they’re only interested in trade rights and missionizing. Two soldiers escort Rin to Vaisra’s war room, where she finds him arguing with the Hesperians. He thinks their aid can help him win the war immediately. However, they want to observe whether the Nikara are “ready for civilization” (227). One of the Hesperian generals, General Josephus Tarcquet, tells Rin he didn’t think she’d “be so…human” (228). Saikhara says Rin is a “mark against the Maker” (228), vaguely saying she agreed to bring Hesperian aid if Vaisra “found a way to fix him” (229)—later is it revealed that she is talking about Nezha, who secretly carries shamanistic powers.
A Gray Company woman called Sister Petra wants Rin to freely agree to be examined weekly. Vaisra takes her aside and pleads with her to agree. Rin agrees to one hour weekly. Sister Petra then takes her aside and offers Rin laudanum. Petra takes many measurements of Rin and asks her how she communes with her god. She then tells Rin that she thinks she can redeem Rin’s soul. Rin says Western Makerism is a “joke.” Petra explains their religion by comparing the world to a timepiece that is made by a “Divine Architect.” Rin asks why there are bad things in the world if there is a Maker, and Petra tells her this is the force of Chaos, “the root of evil” (237). She thinks Chaos takes root “in places like yours—undeveloped, uncivilized, and barbaric” nations (237), and she says that shamanism is a manifestation of Chaos. After the examination, Rin vomits and has flashbacks of Shiro’s lab. She feels violated but doesn’t tell anyone what happened.
The army discovers that someone poisoned the Murui River upstream of Arlong, killing all the small animals and corrupting the canals. Aratsha, who is part of the Cike, is on shore, dying. It is the first time Rin has ever seen his human form. She holds him until he disintegrates. Vaisra’s war cabinet meets in his office, with the Hesperians observing and refusing aid. The Murui has tributaries in every southern province, and its poisoning will create widespread famine.
The warlords are forced to donate their troops and advance north. Rin is with Nezha’s fleet. Venka meets them at the dock with a new automatic crossbow that she can shoot even with her disability. Nezha doesn’t want to let her come with them, but Rin creates a battle plan for Venka. Venka shoots a crossbolt bow inches from Nezha’s head to convince him her aim isn’t compromised, but the army still won’t let her join.
Kitay and Rin are on friendlier terms as they sail upstream to find the poison. Kitay sees floating pig’s bladder pouches on the water and realizes they’re holding the poison, preventing it from dispersing until it is close to Arlong. The Cike find the building that is dispensing pods. The Cike distract the guard while Rin and Kitay infiltrate the building.
Inside, they see their old classmate Niang, who designed the pods and converted the gaseous poison the Federation used in Golyn Niis into a liquid. She thinks Rin and Kitay are traitors. She says Rin killed thousands of militia who were being kept as prisoners of war in Mugen, including Niang’s brothers. Kitay kills Niang. The brigade destroys the building and the poison.
On deck, Kitay bursts into tears. He describes the vividness of the Golyn Niis Massacre in his memory and how it was easier to be a soldier “when only the Federation was evil” (261). He asked Rin if she wanted to kill the Mugenese, and she said she “just wanted it to end” (262). He says it was the same with Niang.
Later, Jinzha tortures two captured guardsmen while Rin and Kitay fill Nezha in on what happened. Nezha hadn’t thought that they would be battling their old classmates.
The Cike are transferred to Jinzha’s warship, the Kingfisher, where the Hesperians can watch Rin. They easily invade the first city they come to in Hare Province. Vaisra has civilians vote on their entrance into the Republic, though the alternative is death. The Hesperians missionize about their Maker.
Petra calls the Nikara “lesser peoples” and describes her belief in phrenology. Rin says that Hesperia also fights wars in which millions die, but Petra calls those “crusaders’ battles” rather than the “naked greed, ambition, or sheer cruelty” of Nikan’s internal wars (276).
As Jinzha’s fleet moves through Hare Province, some cities proactively join the Republic. Rin has the Cike hide their abilities from the Hesperians. She hates that some of their ideology makes sense to her; she wants to think her powers are a manifestation of Chaos that can be fixed.
The fleet meets their first real challenge at the Ram Warlord’s capital city. Kitay meets with the warlord to broker a truce and puts on an act of incompetence to lower his defenses. Meanwhile, the Cike sneak into the city, opening the gates to Jinzha’s fleet from the inside.
In the melee, Rin recognizes Federation troops and realizes the Ram Warlord united with surviving Mugenese against Vaisra. Rin and Baji infiltrate the warlord’s mansion. Rin questions the warlord about his alliance with the Federation. He claims he had no choice.
Rin tells Jinzha to execute all captured soldiers, Mugenese and Nikara alike. He refuses, unwilling to kill his countrymen. Rin thinks the Nikara who allied with the Mugenese are traitors. She tries to attack Jinzha and is removed from the room. Nezha finds her and tells her that Jinzha demoted her to footsoldier and dissolved the Cike, assigning them to separate units.
Rin begins to doubt Vaisra’s democracy, losing confidence in civilians to make their own decisions. Nezha thinks people just need to be shaped and refined.
The arrival of the Hesperians changes the novel’s power dynamics and highlights the theme of The Complexities of Power and Oppression. The two most influential Hesperians are General Tarcquet, a military leader, and Sister Petra, a religious figurehead. Both are observing the Nikara to see if they “are ready for civilization” (227)—this statement highlights their colonial condescension. On Tarcquet’s end, this evaluation means military aid. Nezha tells Rin that the Hesperians will “intervene before this war is over, once they’re sure it isn’t a lost cause” (247). When Vaisra asks about their criteria for assistance, Tarcquet says it “would be cheating” if they told him (228). This ambiguity allows Tarcquet to engage in a logical fallacy called “shifting the goalpost,” which is when someone constantly shifts their requirements for the fulfillment of an aim, making someone’s success in meeting these standards more difficult to attain.
The Hesperians use their promise of aid and this manipulation strategy as a tool of colonialism. In the First Poppy War, they gave aid to Mugen so Mugen “obliterated any notion of Nikara sovereignty” (219), using the instability that followed the war to invade Nikan. After the genocide in Speer, the Hesperians aided Nikan against Mugen. These shifting alliances were driven by a desire to create instability in the area, so Nikan and the Federation are more susceptible to colonization. Additionally, they add conditions to their aid, like allowing missionaries into the country or experimenting on Rin. Nezha dismissively says, “All they want is trade rights and permission to dump missionaries wherever they want” (226). This exposes the deeper impact of their cultural and religious impositions. As Rin and Venka experience firsthand, religious colonialism has severe consequences for those who are already marginalized and traumatized: Rin is prodded and experimented on, while Saikhara’s Makerism doesn’t allow Venka to get an abortion even after being raped multiple times.
Religious colonialism is Petra’s goal, which shows The Impact of Religion on Conflict and Conquest. Petra and the Gray Company combine their religious ideology with racist pseudoscience to “prove” that the Nikara are unevolved “barbarians.” She uses a debunked pseudoscience called phrenology, which is the study of the shapes of people’s skulls, believing that this is an indicator of intelligence and morality. Petra analyzes Rin’s “eye folds” and “sallow skin,” using her features to make unsubstantiated conclusions about not only her character but all the Nikara people. Petra dehumanizes Rin, calling her a “creature.”
Historically, this kind of dehumanizing language and racist pseudoscience was used to justify atrocities like enslavement, violence, and colonialism. Nikan, Mugen, and Hesperia are fictionalized versions of China, Japan, and Western colonizing powers. Thus, this rhetoric has explicit and implicit links to real-life anti-Asian racism. While Rin is also disgusted by Hesperians and wants to touch Petra to see if her white skin “felt human,” her reaction to them is not based in larger historical and systemic machinations of racism, colonialism, and power imbalances, like theirs to her. As Rin’s sessions with Petra progress, she listens to her sermons on Makerism, rather than dismissing her lifestyle and beliefs as backward and morally inferior, as Petra does to her.
While Hesperia holds vast power over Nikan, which makes their dehumanizing actions and colonialism destructive and insidious, there is a complex web of dehumanizing beliefs, actions, and rhetoric at work within Nikara society itself. Nikara society has its own hierarchies and prejudices, depending on an individual’s identity, actions, and history. Jinzha, for instance, always identifies Rin by her race, “Speerly,” rather than using her name, and he degrades Nezha for his status as the youngest son. Venka’s father sees her as an inferior class for not “preserv[ing] her dignity” (196), leading her to think he’d prefer her to be dead than to continue living after being raped. Rin thinks the Ram Province Nikara who were forced to ally with Mugen “stopped being Nikara the moment they let the Federation stroll into their homes” (301). Rin sees their identity as compromised and urges Jinzha to kill over 1,000 people.
The characters’ overlapping and sometimes contradictory beliefs about hierarchy, identity, and humanity emphasize the idea that there are no clear-cut heroes and villains amid The Destruction and Inhumanity of War. Increasingly, Rin is ideologically lost, caught between the logic of the Hesperians and her own understanding of what it means to be Nikara. Nezha, too, believes that some lives can be sacrificed to usher in his father’s republic, highlighting the ethical murkiness of their rebellion. Only Kitay openly acknowledges that he doesn’t know “who’s right or wrong” in this war (261). His uncertainty underscores war’s power to corrupt ideals and blur the line between justice and tyranny.
By R. F. Kuang