49 pages • 1 hour read
Roger Lancelyn GreenA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Over time, more men join Robin in the forest, and his fame grows across the nation. One such new member is Arthur-a-Bland, whom Sir Richard of Legh had previously helped. He encounters a disguised Robin in the forest as he goes about his way to trade furs. When Robin hears him singing, he joins him in song, and after a time, they make a wager that one of them will lose the freedom of their legs before the other. Arthur-a-Bland tells Robin that he seeks to capture Robin for the reward, and Robin makes him a second deal: If he brings him to an unarmed and unaccompanied Robin, Arthur-a-Bland will give him 100 pounds. Arthur agrees, and they go to a nearby inn. Robin convinces Arthur to drink, and soon, he is drunk and falls asleep at the inn. Robin finds the warrant for his arrest on him and takes it, leaving Arthur behind. When Arthur wakes, the innkeeper tells him who his companion was, and Arthur pursues Robin to the forest. There, Robin asks for his 100 pounds, as he reasons that he did give him the opportunity to meet Robin alone and unarmed. They fight with oaken staffs for nearly two hours, and Robin calls for a truce, inviting Arthur-a-Bland to dine with him. Arthur recognizes Little John and decides to join Robin in the forest as one of his merry men.
Robin sees a minstrel named Allin-a-Dale as he walks, singing and happy, through the forest. The next day, Robin sees him again, maudling, and has Little John and Much invite him to dinner. Robin asks for the forest tithe, but Allin has no money to spare, and he tells Robin how he was denied his lover’s hand in marriage by the Bishop of Peterborough, who is her guardian. She is now meant to marry an old but rich knight, the Bishop’s brother. Robin decides to help Allin by disguising himself as a minstrel and goes to the wedding. He presents himself to the Bishop, who accepts his services as a minstrel, but when the old knight arrives, Robin refuses to stop playing, claiming that the man had to be the woman’s grandfather. He calls in Allin-a-Dale, has Little John call the banns to make the wedding lawful, gives away the bride to Allin-a-Dale, and forces the Bishop to perform the rites. From then on, Allin would sing about Robin Hood’s exploits.
After being outwitted by Robin, the Bishop of Peterborough seeks out the Sheriff of Nottingham to capture Robin, and with Worman’s help, they devise a scheme. A palmer tells Robin that three young men are being tried according to the Forest Laws, and Robin gives him money for his clothes so he can disguise himself and approach Worman. He tells Worman that he will act as the hangman for the accused, but he soon finds himself trapped, with the Sheriff, the Bishop, and their men coming upon him. He flees and goes into an old cottage where an old woman tells him to change clothes with her so that he might escape his pursuers while she leads them astray. When she is discovered, Worman and the others resume the hanging, only for Robin’s arrow to sever the hanging rope cleanly. Robin is accompanied by some of his men, and while he forces the Bishop to dine with him, he kills Worman by hanging him. They force the Bishop to sing Mass for them, and after taking his gold and silver, they let him leave.
Years go by, and rumor has it that King Richard is captured but still lives, so Robin actively tries to collect money for the King’s ransom. Meanwhile, others strive to catch the traitors who support Prince John, including a man named George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield. His fame and his wife Bettris’s reputation are so great that both Robin and Marian decide to seek them out to measure themselves against them, Robin in terms of strength and Marian in beauty. They travel to Wakefield and arrive at George’s field, only to be denied access by George. Will Scarlet and Little John try to fight with George but are quickly overpowered. When he fights Robin, their fight lasts for an hour until Robin calls for a truce, and when Robin reveals his identity, George accepts his offer to become his man. Marian, meanwhile, is reassured in her beauty and becomes friends with Bettris.
After leaving Wakefield with George and Bettris, both now dressed in Lincoln livery like the rest of Robin’s band, they make their way back to Sherwood. On the way, however, a knight passes by, and Robin knows that the knight is Sir Guy of Gisborne. As it begins to rain, their group hustles to avoid the knight, and they make their way to a small stone house where Allin-a-Dale lives. Allin and his wife welcome them from the rain, and as they discuss the political developments between Prince John and the Earl of Chester, someone else comes knocking at their house. Sir Guy, accompanied by a band of men, tries to trick his way into the house, but Robin overhears his companions. Sir Guy breaks down the door, and he and his men face off against Robin and his group. When Marian eventually has Sir Guy at her mercy, she makes him swear an oath that he will stop pursuing Robin and will not seek vengeance against Allin and his wife. Sir Guy then leaves, and Bettris expresses some irritation that George never taught her how to wield a sword as Marian does. The next morning, they leave Allin and his wife and see Friar Tuck collecting money for the King’s ransom from two terrified priests. As he threatens to pummel them with his cudgel, the priests give the money that had been raised by the Abbot of St. Mary’s for Prince John. The priests scurry away when Friar Tuck allows them, and Robin and his group rejoin with the other merry men.
One summer day, Robin hosts a feast for all the shepherds and shepherdesses of the area. One shepherd, Eglamour, however, is missing, and another shepherd explains that Eglamour seeks his lost love, Earine, who was presumed drowned. Marian returns with a deer for the feast and reports that there was an odd raven whom another shepherd, Karolin, believes is Mother Maudlin, the Witch of Paplewick. Karolin confirms that Mother Maudlin is a shape-shifter and can take on the form of anything. As Robin asks Marian about the feast, she behaves strangely and insists that the deer be sent to Maudlin instead of being cooked for the feast. She makes wild accusations against Robin, telling him that he spies on her constantly because of his jealousy and oppression. Marian goes into the woods, and when Robin finds her again, she has returned to her natural state and has no recollection of ever telling Robin to gift the deer to Maudlin.
When Maudlin herself comes to find Marian to thank her for the deer, the two women argue over the deer and its alleged gifting. Maudlin says she has already divided the deer among her neighbors, but Will Scarlet then comes through and announces that he has reclaimed the deer, stating that if Maudlin had, in fact, already gifted the deer Marian gave her, they weren’t taking back the gift. Angry, Maudlin bewitches the cook as she leaves. While some of the merry men go off to find the witch and stop her spells, Robin and Marian stay behind, as Eglamour is meant to come by. When he does, he is singing about his lost love. Then, a spirit appears, and everyone believes it to be Earine’s ghost. Robin and Eglamour follow the ghost to a house where Marian is arguing with other merry men that Maudlin is not a witch but simply a very wise woman, and they should leave her alone. When Robin comes forward, however, he notices a girdle on her, and when he breaks it, the Marian he holds disappears. Maudlin emerges from the house, and Robin chases her away. In her house, they find Earine alive and well, and they all return to the feast, where Robin solemnizes two weddings.
In the third section, Green emphasizes Robin’s chivalric behavior and courtly demeanor to highlight the nobility of his character and reverse the “outlaw” moniker's meaning. The author first signals his intention by making the second and last comparison to King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table in Chapter 13: “Robin went out and won a new follower after testing his prowess in single combat—rather as King Arthur’s knights had done” (147). By explicitly creating this link between Robin and King Arthur’s knights, Green intends for his audience to understand Robin’s actions in the context of chivalry and courtly codes of conduct—specifically in a medieval understanding of chivalry and courtly conduct, as Green’s work is an amalgamation and restructuring of medieval ballads, poems, and plays in contemporary English.
Robin’s decision to intervene in Allin-a-Dale’s wedding woes, therefore, gestures toward a knight’s duty to uphold lawful justice and the sanctity of the sacraments of the Church. Medieval literature of the time, such as Sir Thomas Mallory’s Le Morte D’Arthur or Turold’s The Song of Roland, saw knights as the bastions of Christianity as well as its emissaries. When the Bishop of Peterborough abuses his position to force a woman into a marriage she does not want, someone like Robin, who upholds chivalric behavior, is doubly concerned: On the one hand, the code of chivalry would have him defend and help any vulnerable women in distress, and on the other hand, the corruption of the holy sacrament of marriage to enrich the Bishop and his family through this false marriage offends the sanctity of the Church. Both concerns are what usher Robin to interrupt and oversee the wedding with the following claim: “‘And now,’ said Robin sternly, ‘let the marriage proceed—but with the lawful bridegroom. Lawful, according to the law of God!’” (161). Perhaps more than taking advantage of Allin-a-Dale’s eventual wife, what Robin takes issue with is that the marriage imposed by the Bishop is not in accordance with God’s will, since, as Friar Tuck mentions in Chapter 3, “‘Marriages,’ quote the Friar, ‘are made in Heaven. Love is God’s work—and it is not for me [or any clergyman] to meddle with it’” (40). Green, therefore, solemnizes Robin as a righteous defender of the Christian faith against the Bishop’s evil machinations by virtue of his chivalric devotion to the Church.
Part of the reason he is able to act in this fashion is because Robin isn’t beholden to the societal law that would have him defer to the Bishop’s authority. His position as an outlaw, in other words, allows him the objectivity and necessary distance from local disputes to act incisively and impartially so as to maintain fairness and justice for any vulnerable party. It also, however, provides him the opportunity to blend both his thieving endeavors and his courtly attitude by using the rules of court, specifically as concerns hospitality in his encounters with dishonest individuals to extract their ill-gotten wealth. Though Robin is no stranger to violence—and indeed, as mentioned in the previous chapter analysis, can actively seek it—rarely does he do more than intimidate Prince John’s entourage and network into relinquishing their silver and gold to him in his version of social justice.
Robin entraps these individuals in a mock reproduction of social court conventions, that is, by forcibly inviting them to be his guests and dine with him and his men. In medieval court customs, when a noble invites another person to be their guest, they are made responsible for the satiety and safety of this guest, while for their part, the guest implicitly agrees to respect and abide by their host’s will. Often in and out of medieval literature, the host’s will would take the form of wagers and games, hunts and opportunities for physical prowess, and so on. In his outlaw society’s court, Robin takes this practice and applies it in a very literal and devious way. As a host, his guests are treated as the code would dictate: They are fed well—and with illegally gotten deer, at that—and come to no direct physical harm. Likewise, however, the guests are expected to abide by Robin’s court rules, wherein they must demonstrate the extent of their honesty. If they are truly without means to subscribe to King Richard’s ransom, Robin, as a good host, will provide for them instead, as Friar Tuck points out to two priests in Chapter 17: “If that be so [that they have no money],’ said Friar Tuck, ‘then come with me and we will see whether good Robin Hood, the friend of all poor and needy men, cannot lend you some gold out of his store!” (194). Though Friar Tuck seems to be mocking the priests as he says so, his claim is fundamentally true, as proven by Robin’s meeting with Sir Richard of Legh. If a person lies, however, Robin’s court conventions would see them pay the forest tithe, as he points out to the Bishop: “‘Now come you to dinner, my lord,’ he [Robin] said courteously. ‘I would rather die,’ shouted the Bishop. ‘Why then,’ said Robin, ‘you may ride away—after you have paid my toll’” (171). Both passages demonstrate how Robin navigates courtly behavior and mirrors its expectations to achieve his two biggest concerns: aiding the downtrodden and helping King Richard return home. Yet Robin succeeds in this endeavor not because he acts as a stereotypical knight or because he reproduces courtly behavior in Sherwood Forest; rather, Robin blends these notions with the concept of an outlaw and redefines it with a notion of nobility—which is why he could claim back in Chapter 3 that he and his merry men “were outlaws, but not robbers” (45).
By Roger Lancelyn Green