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70 pages 2 hours read

John Steinbeck

The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1976

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Chapters 4-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary: “The Death of Merlin”

After Sir Pellinore rescues Nyneve and brings her to Arthur’s court, Merlin falls hopelessly in love with the damsel: “And Nyneve used her power over the besotted old Merlin and traded her company for his magic arts, for she was one of the damsels of the Lady of the Lake and schooled in wonders” (99). Merlin had prophesied years earlier that the damsel would be his undoing and even confides this news to Arthur. The king is mystified and asks the old wizard why he cannot prevent the doom he has foreseen: Merlin replies, “Because I am wise. In the combat between wisdom and feeling, wisdom never wins” (99).

When Nyneve decides to leave court, Merlin follows wherever she goes. Over time, Nyneve wheedles all the secrets of Merlin’s magic from him, including how to create spells that cannot be broken. Nyneve intimates that she will take the old man as her lover, and he conjures a magical chamber under a great rock cliff in Cornwall for their dalliance. When Merlin steps into the chamber, Nyneve casts an unbreakable spell to seal him inside, and there he remains to this day.

Back in Camelot, Arthur receives the news of five foreign kings who have banded together to raid his country. He takes an army and travels to confront them. The night before the armies engage in battle, Arthur and his closest advisors are attacked by a small band of knights as they sleep. Managing to escape, Arthur spies the five kings approaching the battlefield just after dawn. He and his followers ambush and kill them. Now leaderless, the foreign armies flee in confusion. 

Chapter 5 Summary: “Morgan le Fay”

Arthur’s half-sister, Morgan le Fay, has always been jealous of him: “She joyed in bending and warping men to her will through beauty and enchantment, and when these failed she used the blacker arts of treason and murder” (109). Morgan plans to have her lover, Sir Accolon, kill Arthur and then give the crown to her husband, Sir Uryens, as a puppet ruler under her command. Using dark magic, Morgan fashions a replica of Excalibur and its scabbard, which she substitutes for Arthur’s own weapons.

Soon after these plans are made, the king goes on a stag hunt accompanied by Accolon and Uryens. After exhausting their horses in the chase, the three men track the stag on foot and kill it. Now miles from the castle, they look about for shelter during the night. A boat comes floating down a nearby river, and the trio is welcomed aboard by beautiful maidens offering food, wine, and a place to sleep. After partaking of this hospitality, the men fall into an enchanted slumber. The next morning, Uryens finds himself at home in his own bed. Arthur awakens in a prison, where he learns that the owner of the castle, Sir Damas, is conscripting knights to defend his property against his brother, the rightful owner. Rather than rotting away in a cell, Arthur agrees to become Damas’ champion.

Meanwhile, Accolon wakes up outdoors beside a deep well where he is accosted by a dwarf. The dwarf gives Accolon the real Excalibur and its scabbard with instructions that he is to fight Arthur the next day and bring the king’s severed head back to Morgan as proof of his victory. Still under Morgan’s spell, Accolon agrees. He’s then invited to dine with the lord of a nearby manor, Sir Outlake. Accolon learns that Outlake has been wounded and cannot defend his property by fighting the champion of Sir Damas. Accolon agrees to fight in his place.

The following day, Accolon and Arthur engage in battle. Arthur can’t understand why his magical sword and scabbard are failing him. Accolon is on the point of killing Arthur when the king gets hold of the real sword and realizes the weapon substitution. He pins Accolon to the ground and forces him to confess Morgan’s plot. Arthur grants the knight mercy, but he dies if his wounds anyway. The king retires to a nearby abbey to recover from his injuries. While he sleeps, Morgan steals Excalibur’s scabbard though she can’t take the sword itself without awakening Arthur. Later, when the king realizes the extent of his sister’s treachery, he goes in pursuit. As he and his followers are on the point of overtaking Morgan, she turns herself and her knights into standing stones.

Once Arthur leaves, Morgan and her henchmen reassume human form. She threatens vengeance against the king and retreats: “She went to her lands in the country of Gore, and she strengthened her castles and towns, and armed and provisioned them, because in spite of her brave message she lived in fear of King Arthur” (124). 

Chapters 4-5 Analysis

The chapter describing Merlin’s demise foregrounds the themes of magic and destiny. These two concepts would seem to be mutually contradictory. Anyone who possesses magic ought to be powerful enough to thwart the forces of destiny. Not only does Merlin hold magical power, but he also has the gift of prophecy. He could theoretically escape any danger that threatens him because he would be able to foresee it, but such is not the case. Merlin himself recognizes that destiny is stronger than magic because destiny is shaped by the will of the individual.

Essentially, Merlin creates and fulfills his own destiny by acting on his urges rather than being guided by wisdom. His downfall is the result of the interplay of destiny and magic. Nyneve exploits Merlin’s infatuation with her because he possesses magical knowledge that she wants to acquire. She then uses that same magic to seal Merlin inside a wall of rock. He says of his plight, “I am the one who should be sad, for my death is to be shameful and ugly and ridiculous” (36).

The chapter highlighting the evil schemes of Morgan le Fay also keys on the theme of magic but additionally foregrounds the three motifs of magical weaponry, damsels, and water witchcraft. Morgan’s plan to take over Camelot depends on her ability to steal Excalibur and its scabbard. Arthur’s identification with his magical weapon renders him vulnerable without it. Her plan also depends on the use of damsels gliding along a river in an enchanted boat to lure her three victims. In a final fusion of magic, magical weaponry, and water witchcraft, Morgan hurls Arthur’s scabbard to the bottom of a deep lake so it cannot protect him from future harm. 

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