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59 pages 1 hour read

Neal Stephenson

Snow Crash

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1992

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Chapters 61-71Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 61 Summary

Hiro cannot reach the tablet, which smashes into “large fragments” against the helicopter pad. Raft passengers attack and immobilize Hiro, then take him to an airplane hangar, where a woman’s voice babbles incoherently. Hiro sees Juanita emerge; she has an antenna attached to her head but explains that she is now immune to the virus because she has built up a tolerance to religion. She can control the “me,” and she can write a nam-shub of her own. Juanita is on the Raft because she is fascinated (and appalled) by Rife’s actions. Being on the Raft is “like following Jesus or Mohammed around, getting to observe the birth of a new faith” (307).

Hiro photographs the broken tablet shards and sends the images to the Librarian, who reassembles the cuneiform writing. The words are read over the Raft speakers, and the control over the passengers vanishes. Juanita rips the antenna out of her head and joins Hiro, bleeding badly. She ripped out the antenna so that she did not lose her understanding of the “me.” When Hiro asks whether she will be his girlfriend again, she “naturally” agrees.

Chapter 62 Summary

YT is taken away on Rife’s helicopter. A second helicopter appears behind them. On board is Raven, who is “goggled into the Metaverse” (310). Removing his goggles for a moment, he waves at YT with a smile on his face.

Chapter 63 Summary

In the Metaverse, Hiro rides a motorcycle past a benefit concert that has been organized in honor of Da5id. He arrives at the part of the Metaverse occupied by Rife’s organization. Using his hacking skills, he bypasses the security daemons and slips inside. He finds himself in a brightly colored but incomprehensible room that seems to be made of Rife’s “fiber-optic network” (313). Hiro and Juanita realize that Rife has been using the United States government to write code that will allow him to release Snow Crash against the benefit concert attendees, many of whom are hackers and programmers. Raven is already at the facility, collecting the logic bomb that will disperse the code. 

Chapter 64 Summary

Raven reveals the logic bomb, which is fitted to the sidecar of his motorcycle. Hiro chases after him, trying to decapitate Raven’s avatar before he can reach the benefit concert. Since Hiro wrote the code for the body disposal program and no one can regenerate in the Metaverse without his body being disposed of, Hiro can effectively prevent Raven from returning to the Metaverse.

Chapter 65 Summary

Rife tries to contact his security team or the people aboard the Raft, but his communications are blocked. He orders the helicopter to set down so that he can “make a goddamn phone call” (316) using a pay phone. While he is distracted, YT attacks the guards and tries to escape. She wants to reach the safety of Mr. Lee’s Greater Hong Kong. As she reaches Greater Hong Kong, she is grabbed by a security team but manages to call for help. The Rat Things in Greater Hong Kong relay her call for help. This call is picked up by Fido, her dog which was kidnapped and turned into a Rat Thing. Fido rushes to help “the nice girl who loves him” (318), overcoming its programming to get to her in time.

Chapter 66 Summary

Hiro contacts Raven over the Metaverse’s communications system as they race toward the concert. They discuss their fathers; both men were in the same prison camp in Nagasaki, and they escaped just when the Americans dropped the nuclear bomb on the city. The men helped each other survive. Hiro understands why Raven wants revenge, but he tries to reason with him. Raven refuses to listen, explaining that “there’s no such thing as enough” (322) revenge. The men resume their race.

Chapter 67 Summary

Couriers attack Rife’s helicopter with harpoons. YT jumps from the rising helicopter and grabs one of the helicopter’s runners. Rather than lose his hostage, Rife orders the helicopter to descend. YT rappels along one of the ropes attached to the couriers’ harpoons. She falls into traffic but is saved by her drop protection technology. With Raven still plugged into the Metaverse, the helicopter is dragged from the sky, and when YT throws a rope into the rotor blades, it is destroyed. Raven signals YT with a thumbs up. She shows him her middle finger. Rife survives and hijacks a pizza delivery car. He drives toward Los Angeles airport. YT grabs a skateboard and rushes away to call her mother “for a ride home” (325).

Chapter 68 Summary

Hiro and Raven continue their duel on their motorcycles. They are almost at the concert. When Raven realizes that he does not need to beat Hiro to accomplish his goal, he leans down to detonate his bomb. Hiro may have a better understanding of the Metaverse and may be able to beat Raven in a fight, but Raven sets off the bomb anyway. He believes that he has “nuked America,” accomplishing his lifelong ambition. Hiro activates SnowScan.

Raven’s bomb is a visual spectacle that attracts everyone’s attention. Four scroll-bearing naked female figures appear. Rather than reading out the Snow Crash virus and infecting everyone, however, they read a short commercial for “Hiro Protagonist Security Associates” (328).

Chapter 69 Summary

Uncle Enzo, Mr. Ng, and one of Mr. Lee’s representatives arrive at Los Angeles Airport. Enzo brings a “replacement” skateboard for YT but she is not present. The men make a plan to stop Rife from fleeing to Houston. A young Mafia officer reminds Enzo of an officer he once met in Vietnam; he stops to tell the story, explaining how he shot the officer in the “back of the head” (331). He is displeased to hear that his men have lost track of Rife. Armed with a straight razor, Enzo goes to kill a group of maintenance workers he suspects are in Rife’s organization.

Chapter 70 Summary

Enzo discovers that one of his men has been killed by a “long wooden pole” (333). He doubles back and finds that Raven killed his young officer. They fight, and both men get badly hurt. Enzo slips away, and after asking Rife what to do, Raven gives chase. Enzo uses the “RadiKS Narrow Cone Tuned Shock Wave Projector” (334) on the skateboard he had intended to give YT The function shatters Raven’s glass knives, and Enzo approaches the stunned Raven with his razor.

Chapter 71 Summary

Rife leaves the injured, unarmed Raven behind. He runs for his plane, but he is stopped by a “wall of billowing orange flame” (336) rushing toward him. The flame is caused by Fido, YT’s dog that has been turned into a Rat Thing. Fido destroys the plane with Rife onboard as YT watches, having just arrived at the airport. Helicopters arrive, filled with Mafia-employed media and soldiers. The soldiers immediately chase someone who fled in a pizza delivery car. YT goes to find her mother. When asked whether she would like to return home, YT says “home seems about right” (337).

Chapters 61-71 Analysis

While Rife escapes from the Raft, the tablet containing Enki’s nam-shub is destroyed. This tablet may provide Hiro with the only way to counter Rife’s linguistic virus, thereby preventing Rife from taking over the world. By kicking the tablet out of the helicopter, YT may have doomed humanity to be subservient to Rife for the rest of time. Fortunately, Hiro is able to use technology to reassemble the broken pieces. He consults the Librarian, and in a short time, he pieces together the tablet as though it were never broken. The way the tablet is reassembled functions as a commentary on society’s progress. Lost and broken words can be reassembled thanks to technological advancements, though the actual specifics of the act are largely out of humanity’s hands. Humans have invented a technology that reaches beyond their own capabilities and reveals their true limitations. Alone, Hiro and YT would have been left with only the broken fragments. Thanks to the Librarian, they are not only able to reassemble the tablet, but they are able to translate it and convert it into an easy-to-distribute format. This technology is a necessary crutch that supports humanity, but it is inherently limited. Most conversations with the Librarian contain a reference to the software’s limitations. The fate of humanity is balanced on a knife edge; the novel prompts the audience to ask whether humans should be credited for inventing a technology they do not understand or whether they should be criticized for their lack of agency and control in such a desperate situation.

When he needs to solve a problem for himself, Hiro attempts a more humane approach. The battle between Hiro and Raven is a battle between two men who have a great deal in common. They are bound together in terms of both their differences and their similarities. They are both ethnically marginalized people who have been mistreated by the society that they inhabit. While Hiro has decided to respond creatively to this marginalization by creating code, Raven has decided to respond destructively. He wants to destroy America in any way, shape, or form. Hiro reaches out to Raven during their high-speed chase and tries to remind him of what they have in common. Whereas he has been dependent on technology in the past, Hiro’s tactic here is to empathize with his enemy. During their climactic battle, his chosen weapon is not a sword or a gun but genuine human emotion. Despite his best efforts, Hiro fails. Raven does not care about their similarities, their fathers’ shared past, or the hundreds of thousands of hackers who are about to be infected by Snow Crash. If the reassembly of the tablet hinted at the limitations of the technology, then Hiro’s failed attempt at empathy hints at the limitations of humanity. Raven is so far gone, so lost in the chaos of the society he inhabits, that he has lost his humanity and embraced pure nihilism. Humanity in Snow Crash’s society is often in flux. People benefit in many cases from being part-cyborg, like YT having drop protection technology that saves her life, but Raven’s inability to empathize with others represents the natural result of a society built on Corporatization and Commodification. If life is so disposable that a pizza delivery driver can be executed for a late delivery, then there is no reason for Raven to consider the weight of mass murder.

Snow Crash ends abruptly. Once Hiro reunites with Juanita, he disappears from the story for the final chapters. His job is done, so he leaves the minor details such as Rife’s capture to YT and the Mafia. This division of labor occurs across the divide between the Metaverse and reality; Hiro finishes the job in the Metaverse, leaving reality for the others to clean up. Similarly, YT watches the destruction of Rife and his plane without truly knowing what has happened. Her old dog—now turned into a Rat Thing—has summoned a vague memory of his past and rushed to help her, killing Rife in the process. A similar vagueness occurs in the battle between Enzo and Raven. Both men severely wound each other, and then limp away. A pizza delivery car leaves the scene, pursued by the Mafia. It could contain either Raven or Enzo. The vagueness and random nature of the ending are well-suited to a novel built on coincidences and chance. The story ends as it began, with a random interaction leading to unexpected consequences. The young girl who happened to harpoon the wrong car at the wrong time simply drives away with her mother, returning to the life she left behind while Hiro reunites with his ex-girlfriend. The two protagonists resume domestic lives that are separate from their recent adventures, reminding the audience of the duality between normality and chaos, good and evil, and reality and the Metaverse.

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