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35 pages 1 hour read

Margaret Peterson Haddix

Running Out Of Time

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1995

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Chapters 1-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

In Chapter 1, we meet Jessie Keyser, a 13-year-old girl. She wakes in the middle of the night to help her mother care for two sick children in their village. Jessie, her parents, and five siblings live in a small Indiana town called Clifton. Jessie believes the year is 1840. The town doctor, Dr. Fister, used to give out pills that healed illnesses quickly and efficiently, but now gives out only folk remedies. Many villagers call on Jessie’s mother to care for them instead. After visiting the sick children, Ma asks Jessie to help her pick herbs. Crouched beside a large rock in the woods, Ma tells Jessie to meet her there alone the following day after school and to tell no one. Ma says she will explain something dangerous that she wants Jessie to do.

Chapter 2 Summary

The next morning, Jessie worries about the mystery of Ma’s request. She completes her morning chores and gets ready for school. We learn more about her older sister, Hannah, who Jessie believes is too cautious, and Andrew, Jessie’s favorite of her four younger siblings. Jessie wonders if her father, the town blacksmith, is aware of what Ma is planning.

Chapter 3 Summary

At school, Jessie recites the presidents of the United States for the teacher, Mr. Smythe, who Jessie dislikes. Jessie notes that many of the schoolchildren have been out sick lately. On her way out of school, Jessie’s youngest sister, Katie, begins feeling ill; Jessie carries her home. After dropping Katie off, Jessie runs to the woods to meet Ma, who tells Jessie that Katie and the other sick children have a disease called diphtheria. She reveals that Clifton is a historical preserve and that the year is 1996.

Chapter 4 Summary

Ma explains that Miles Clifton, Clifton’s founder, created the village as an “authentic” tourist site where outsiders could secretly view people pretending to live in the past for 24 hours a day. Ma reveals that there are cameras everywhere: in the trees, mirrors, and walls. Jessie remembers seeing boxes in trees and thinking the trees were haunted; she was beaten for asking about them. Ma explains that people originally volunteered to live in Clifton, herself and Pa included. She says Pa was always more interested in the role-playing than she was. Ma had been a nurse before moving with Pa to Clifton, while Pa had been an unsuccessful blacksmith until they relocated. At first, Ma claims, the volunteers were treated well, given modern medicine, told the truth about the village at age twelve, and allowed to leave if they chose. Recently, things have become more restrictive and violent.

Chapter 5 Summary

Ma gives Jessie a pair of jeans, a T-shirt, and a jacket. She explains that Jessie will have to venture out into the modern world to secure medicine for the sick children. She gives Jessie a pack of supplies and the phone number of a man named Isaac Neeley. Ma believes that he can help because he was vocal against the founding of Clifton. Jessie is to find a payphone outside; she is to tell Mr. Neeley about the diphtheria epidemic so he can report Clifton to the board of health. The large rock in the woods is actually a trapdoor to the outside. Ma helps Jessie change her appearance and climb down into the dark tunnel to make her way out of Clifton.

Chapters 1-5 Analysis

In the first few chapters, we learn that Jessie is a curious, inquisitive young girl who wonders about the mysteries of adulthood while enjoying the innocence of childhood. She knows the adults are keeping secrets but is unsure whether they are harmful or simply the secrets of growing up. Still, she keeps secrets of her own: “Jessie had done everything dangerous there was to do in Clifton, she thought, without being killed. On a dare she’d walked a fallen oak tree across Crooked Creek last May when it was flooded […] But Ma wasn’t supposed to know about that” (10). Jessie understands that sometimes secrets can be benign and necessary.

Jessie has no reason to doubt her lived reality. She is Jessie Keyser, living in Clifton, Indiana in 1840 with her siblings and parents in a typical American frontier town. She does her chores and goes to school, gossips with her friends, and understands her role in society. However, her reality is shattered when Ma reveals the truth. Not only are the lives of her friends and sister in danger, but those close to her have lied to her throughout her life about the outside world. Her privacy has been violated, and her newfound ignorance frightens her. Similarly, Jessie’s mother’s reality has become skewed. Ma has known all along that the year is 1996, but she has lived in Clifton long enough that, like Jessie, she starts to believe the lie: “’Medicine’s much better in the future […] Did I say ‘future’? It’s finally gotten to me!’” (27) These chapters introduce the clash between fiction and reality, a conflict Jessie must constantly contend with.

Haddix uses the limited third person point of view: We know Jessie’s inner thoughts but are still held at a distance. We are restricted from both the thoughts of others and from getting too close to the protagonist herself. The tone is not as intimate as a first-person narrative, where the use of “I” can make a story feel like a diary. The audience is kept from being fully in or out of her head, similarly to the way Jessie is between two worlds—the historical village of Clifton and the real world outside.

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