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66 pages 2 hours read

Nella Larsen

Quicksand

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1928

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Symbols & Motifs

Naxos; Copenhagen

Geographical location is used in Quicksand in order to correlate to Helga’s mental state. Naxos, the southern boarding school for Negro children, serves to represent the hypocrisy and racial oppression that Helga despises. While the school allegedly espouses liberal ideals as to black education, she is appalled at its inherent endorsement of racism, feeling that it was an “exemplification of the white man’s magnanimity” (4). The atmosphere is stifling to her, as is her engagement to the conformist James Vayle, the product of a black family “of consequence” (8) that fails to accept the rootless Helga Crane.

Copenhagen, on the other hand, is the essence of freedom for Helga. She is, to be sure, a racial curiosity to its citizens; nonetheless, she is “unique” (91) there, rather than an object of embarrassment to her family. The material goods she has always coveted are provided by her generous aunt and uncle, and she is pursued by a number of successful, attractive men. Her job is merely to enhance the social ranking of the family and to wear the beautiful, colorful clothing bought for her, like “a peacock” (73). The eminent portrait painter Axel Olsen proposes marriage to her in Copenhagen. The only impediment to happiness and emotional freedom present in Denmark is the weight of the chronic dissatisfaction that Helga places upon herself there. 

Trains and Boats

Helga is unable to resolve interpersonal conflicts that inevitably arise within relationships; she notes that she had “no talent for quarreling [and] when possible she preferred to flee” (8). The cycle of Helga’s relationship patterns is formulaic: she initially holds the individual (e.g., Anne Gray) in almost superhuman esteem. As time goes on, she finds herself somewhat irritated by the foibles of the other individual. When the possibility of a minor dispute arises, Helga relocates to another locale. 

This abrupt pattern of departure is first observed in Naxos. Upon her annoyance with the racist nature of a sermon delivered by a white minister there, Helga makes the decision to abruptly terminate her employment, and engagement to be married. The repercussions of her hasty departure (leaving her students mid-term; failing to provide James Vayle with a sufficient explanation) are of little consequence to Helga once her decision is made. The train trip to Chicago represents her first hasty flight; the ship back and forth to Copenhagen represents subsequent flights to emotional “freedom” for Helga. Similar circumstances occur: she becomes dissatisfied with her life and job in Harlem; the opportunity to re-locate is presented, and Helga flees to Denmark. Her decision to return to New York represents one of escape from emotional tension in her aunt’s home upon Helga’s rejection of a marriage proposal. Emotional detritus is always left in her path, but her instinct to withdraw and relocate supersedes all.  

Clothing

Despite a certain intellectual pretentiousness, Helga is very interested in material things, particularly clothing. She reflects that “[c]lothes had been one of her difficulties in Naxos” (18). Stymied by the stylistic caveats there, which decreed that women of color confine themselves to dun-colored apparel, Helga prefers deep, jewel-toned colors in luxurious fabrics with elaborate trimmings. She holds the female clericals in the principal’s office in contempt due to their compliance with the caveat that they wear somber colors.

Upon her arrival in Stockholm, Aunt Katarina wishes to capitalize upon Helga’s unique appearance, and provides her with great quantities of highly colorful clothing. Helga has always trusted her own fashion instincts and bristles at the thought of being made to look like a gypsy, but ultimately conforms to the plan in order to emphasize her uniqueness. Always somewhat oppositional, Helga resents the very sort of clothing that she might have chosen for herself because she feels forced to wear it.

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By Nella Larsen