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59 pages 1 hour read

Ibi Zoboi, Yusef Salaam

Punching the Air

Fiction | Novel/Book in Verse | YA | Published in 2020

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Part 3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Poems 1-6 Summary

Part 3 opens with “Hope II,” which describes Amal’s excitement at getting another letter from his Zenobia. In “Hope III,” Amal finds out that Jeremy Mathis, the kid who Amal was accused of hurting, looks like he is going to wake up from his coma soon. According to Clyde, there’s hope “If he wakes up and tells the truth / and [he’s] been on good behavior” (237). This motivates Amal to follow all the rules and do as he is told. One day Kadon tells Amal to go to the library with him. On the way there, they discuss why Amal doesn’t rap anymore and Amal notices that Kadon is acting like something bad is about to happen. Amal asks him how he doesn’t lose his mind in jail. Kadon responds,

That’s the thing about being
locked up
Whatever you lose
you’ll find it again
over and over (241).

“Family Portrait III” talks about Amal’s cousins Shay and Dione coming to visit him, which makes him cry for the first time in a long while. Dione started college and is attending one of the schools that Amal had wanted to go to. Umi, Shay, Dione, and Amal take a picture in front of the cartoon mural in the visitor’s center since that is the only way they are allowed to take a photo. When Amal returns to his cell after, he finds a notebook, pencils, and a letter from Zenobia on his desk. Zenobia encourages Amal’s artwork and talks about how Ms. Rinaldi (the art teacher who testified at Amal’s trial) was terrible for what she said. Amal feels like “These letters from Zenobia / are putting [him] back / together again” (252). During free time later, Officer Stanford compliments Amal on staying quiet and doing what he’s supposed to, telling him to “Keep your head up and head down / at the same time (253). 

Poems 7-15 Summary

While sketching in his notebook, a fight breaks out. Kadon is being beaten up “so hard and so fast” that Amal rushes to help (256). When officers run in to break up the fight, Amal is the first one to stop fighting. He remembers that the other time he fought was the night of his arrest, so he surrenders with his hands up to show his innocence. The prison goes into a lockdown. In the “Entombment III,” Amal reflects on how he and his friends went to the newly gentrified part of their neighborhood in East Hills “even though there / was this invisible line / that separated rich from poor” (260). When the fight between the Black kids and the white kids at the basketball court broke out, Amal felt frozen in place until he became “rage and revenge” and jumped in to the fight (261). “Saint Peter in Prison” describes Amal’s next encounter with Imani while he is in the library. She compliments his choice in books, which inspires him to try to behave and go to her next poetry class.

In “Art School II,” Amal returns to Imani’s poetry class and meets Dr. Kwesi Bennu, who tells his story about being wrongly incarcerated. In “Harmony,” the kids’ “voices bounce off the walls / and it almost sounds like a rap battle” as they all tell their truths about what happened to get them incarcerated (274). The class studies the 13th Amendment, which tells them that “if we’ve been / convicted of a crime / we’re slaves” (279). “Butterflies” talks about how Dr. Bennu has each kid write down a mistake they made. Amal writes:

I
threw
the
first
punch (283).

He has them throw their papers in a bin and read off someone else’s mistake to the group, which Imani writes on the board. Dr. Bennu then has the young men stand together to make an unbreakable human chain to show their strength as a group. 

Poems 16-20 Summary

In “Conversations with God IX,” Amal reveals that he stole markers from Imani while helping her clean up after class. At night, Amal begins drawing on the walls of his cell. He draws a butterfly and thinks of his school crush Zenobia, but then writes “I THREW THE FIRST PUNCH” (293). Amal thinks back to the night of the fight:

Somebody threw that word
around again
n*****
n*****
n*****
like it’s the fucking 1950s (294),

while running away when the cops came. Amal left his skateboard while running away and describes how the cops caught up to him with their guns drawn and pushed him to the ground to handcuff him. On the walls of his cell, he writes “IT WAS JUST A FUCKING FIGHT” in giant letters (296). The next day, Amal gets in trouble for writing and drawing on his cell walls. He is put into solitary confinement. In “Surrealism,” Amal envisions being visited by his father while in solitary confinement. His father tells him that he wishes he could have told him more about the world but that he “didn’t / know / where to even start—” before he disappears (313).

“Brotherhood III” shows Amal’s first letter from his best friend Lucas, who was forbidden by his mother to support or contact Amal. Lucas tells him not to stop writing poetry and making art and that Amal will be famous when he gets out of prison. Amal also finds out Lucas had encouraged Zenobia to write to him because she kept asking about him. As Amal gets ready to write Lucas back, he sees his friend Kadon for the first time since he was beaten up in the mess hall. Kadon looks “as if they forced all the life / out of him,” and is walking by handcuffed with the officer that has a tattoo of a Black baby with a rope around its neck (321). Amal bangs on the door to try to get Kadon’s attention and sees how badly he was beaten up. Amal feels “like [he] lost him / and [he] won’t be able to find him anymore” (326). 

Poems 21-25 Summary

In “Conversations with God X,” Amal talks with Ms. Buford, the superintendent of the juvenile detention center. She tells him to worry about himself. She is uninterested in answering Amal’s questions about Kadon and Dr. Bennu, so Amal walks out of her office. Amal needs to behave well to go to poetry class on Tuesday. He draws Zenobia in his notebook to calm himself. In “Art School III,” Amal starts to write a letter to Zenobia while in Ms. Imani’s poetry class. Ms. Imani catches him off guard and asks him to share what he’s writing, which causes the class to laugh and lets them witness “a sliver of light / shine through / in each other” (338). However, Amal gets upset when Ms. Imani reveals that it is her last class with them. “Art School IV” describes the conversation Amal has with Ms. Imani as he helps her pack up after class ends. She gives Amal cans of paint to paint over the childish mural in the visitor center and tells Amal to “Paint your truth (348). 

Poems 26-33 Summary

With the paints from Ms. Imani and the approval of Ms. Buford, Amal begins to prepare the mural. He draws his friends, Ms. Imani, and Dr. Bennu with wings as they fly above

a remix of [his]
favorite painting
Guernica, by Pablo Picasso
with its distorted faces and bodies
in war in war in war (353).

“Brotherhood VII” tells of Amal painting the mural with his friends for an entire week. Kadon calls him a “Young Basquiat,” and everyone is happy taking pictures in front of the mural with their families on visiting day (358). However, Umi does not show up on visiting day. She calls Amal and tells him that Jeremy Mathis woke up from his coma and that she is with Jeremy Mathis to make sure the truth is recorded when he speaks, because “his words are the key / that will unlock the door / to your freedom (361). The next day, however, the mural,

with its sharp angles and straight lines
turned into black curved and rounded lines
turned into
black curved and rounded
wings and faces
is painted over
in white
in white
in white (366).

This upsets Amal, especially because his mom never got to see the mural.

Poems 34-40 Summary

In “Father Figure,” Uncle Rashon finally visits Amal in jail. He gives Amal a stack of books by impactful Black writers to read and discuss with him when he returns again. “Hope IV” describes the phone call Amal has with Umi about how she fired his lawyer Clyde and hired a new attorney, Tarana Hudson, who is Black. Ms. Hudson talks with Amal and says, “it’s an honor / to work with you and / your family.” Hudson also tells him that “Jeremy Mathis / is ready to talk— (377). When walking back from the mess hall, Amal sees Officer Stanford walk out of his cell and discovers that he left paper and a watercolor set for him. The novel ends with Amal painting versions of famous paintings to send to Imani. He labels the art “my truth” (386).

Part 3 Analysis

In the final section of the novel (comprised of 40 poems), Amal struggles with his sentencing, especially because he knows he is innocent. His time with Imani and Dr. Bennu impacts him greatly, because they make him reflect on his role in the system that works to oppress Black people while lifting up white people. Amal also begins to understand that he is not alone in his fight to be free, solidifying his relationship with Kadon and his crew. They’ve all been through similar experiences where they were seen as guilty just because they were Black. Although he continues to feel physically and emotionally boxed in, Amal knows that his frustrations are valid and that they are unfair. He lashes out by drawing on the walls of his cell, but his anger is a manifestation of years of oppression that he can feel. Even the freedom he receives, like the freedom to create a new mural, gets ruined due to the fact that others perceive his art and words as dangerous to the system of oppression. The only way the prison knows how to deal with Amal is to erase the messages he is trying to create through his art, hence covering over his mural in white.

Several references to artwork are prominent in Part 3, particularly to Guernica by Pablo Picasso, the art styles Cubism and Surrealism, and to the artist Basquiat. Guernica is well known as a painting depicting the horrors of war and uses Cubism and Surrealism to show dead and mangled bodies. Amal’s painting of him and his friends flying over his remix of Guernica shows how Amal views the world for Black people—a warzone. As he imagines himself punching the air to

make an opening
wide and tall enough
for [him] to step in
and fly
and soar (352-53),

he feels hope and the ability to be free from the brutality of racism.

Cubism is a method where the artist breaks the form of the object they are painting and puts it back together to create an abstract form. Surrealism is an art movement that combines real and unreal images and is characterized by dream-like scenes and symbolic images. Amal uses both Cubism and Surrealism to express the predicament of Black people. He uses Cubism to break down what people see and to show the injustices happening to Black people, but he also uses Surrealism to show himself flying towards freedom from systemic racism. The comparison to Basquiat is a compliment to Amal because of what Basquiat painted. Basquiat was a famous Black artist whose paintings depicted the Black experience in America, including the unfairness of the power structures and systems that allowed for racism. Like Basquiat, Amal painted the truth about how Black people are treated. Amal’s painting getting covered in white is symbolic of how his experiences and truths as a Black kid are being erased by the system that uplifts white people while pushing down Black people.

Jeremy Mathis’s recovery is the only hope that Amal has to prove his innocence. However, he can only prove his innocence if Mathis’s statement contains no lies. At the very end of the novel, the reader does not get to know if Amal gets his freedom or not. The reader does not know if Mathis gives a statement that will release Amal from prison. Instead of resolution, the reader learns that Amal knows his own truth and understands where his place is in the system. Amal has hope for his release, yet he isn’t certain that the right thing will happen to him. Amal’s faith in the justice system has already dwindled and there is nothing in Mathis’s statement that would free Amal from the system that continues to oppress Black people even outside of the carceral system.

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