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57 pages 1 hour read

Abdulrazak Gurnah

Paradise

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1994

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Part 5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 5: “The Grove of Desire”

Part 5, Chapter 1 Summary

Many townsfolk and visitors stop by to see the merchant and hear about the journey. Khalil is excited to see Yusuf again and pulls him back into shop duties, showing him off to customers. At night, he asks Yusuf about the journey and Yusuf admits he often felt vulnerable, but his fear gave shape to everything. He tells him about the green light of the mountain, but he holds back about his time with Chatu because he doesn’t want to talk about Bati. Ma Ajuza resumes her pining and flirting with Yusuf when sees him, but he can tell the spark in her has dimmed.

Part 5, Chapter 2 Summary

With so many people about, the door to the walled garden is kept closed; only Khalil, Uncle Aziz, and the gardener Mzee Hamdani enter. Hamdani is oblivious to those around him, including Yusuf when he places himself in front of him. Uncle Aziz starts paying off the journey crew, but not the full amount, so he also gives them chits for what he owes. He does not pay the families of the two men that fled Chatu because if they come back, there will be hassles. Mohammed Abdalla and Simba Mwene are the last to be paid. Afterward, the merchant keeps Mwene back but dismisses Abdalla. Khalil is pleased by this dismissal, which surprises Yusuf with the intensity of his dislike. Abdalla praises Yusuf for how he performed on the journey, despite the nightmares, and says there will be no more journeys because the Europeans have taken everything. He advises Yusuf to learn from Uncle Aziz’s ways. He also warns him not to become like Khalil, whom he calls a woman.

Part 5, Chapter 3 Summary

Simba Mwene goes into town with Uncle Aziz to meet with creditors. They’re planning another journey to a place where the merchant stores some valuable goods. Yusuf believes he means Hamid’s place. Mwene claims the goods are vipusa, rhino horn, which the Mdachi government has outlawed but is still valued as a medicine. Khalil explains that Uncle Aziz keeps people who owe him, so when trade trips go badly, he can call in the debts. Khalil thinks the merchant doesn’t care much for Mwene because he chose him to go on a dangerous journey, but he didn’t call on Yusuf. Yusuf points out that he also didn’t choose Khalil, but the latter believes he remains in the shop only because he speaks Arabic, therefore he can speak to the Mistress. The night before departing, Uncle Aziz has Yusuf and Mwene for dinner in the house, and Khalil serves them. Mwene speaks too freely and criticizes Uncle Aziz for his interactions with Chatu. Khalil says Yusuf has an unsettling effect on people because he looks at everyone but desires nothing from them. As he’s leaving, Uncle Aziz talks of finding Yusuf a wife.

Part 5, Chapter 4 Summary

Yusuf and Khalil go to town to visit the beach and enjoy a meal together. Mzee Hamdani still doesn’t acknowledge Yusuf, so Yusuf just observes him for a while. He sees that the man is slower and struggles a bit, so when he has trouble with the water buckets, Yusuf steps in to help. The gardener seems to appreciate this, so Yusuf starts cleaning up parts of the garden. The mirrors are gone from the trees. One day while widening the channel of the pool, Yusuf finds a leather pouch partially buried. Inside is a hirizi, an amulet that usually contains prayers to benefit the wearer. He heard that jinns could be summoned with amulets, so he takes it. He hears a voice and realizes the door through which Khalil had served dinner is open and a figure stands within for a moment before closing the door. He’s annoyed that if the Mistress doesn’t want him in the garden, she doesn’t just say so. That evening Khalil takes some time to come out of the kitchen, and when he does, he seems angry. Eventually, he says that the Mistress has gone crazy. Yusuf thinks the Mistress’s attitude must be about his being in the garden, but Khalil laughs about Yusuf’s obsession with the garden and tells him the Mistress wants to see him.

Part 5, Chapter 5 Summary

After Friday prayers, Khalil tells Yusuf about the Mistress. Uncle Aziz married her about 12 years earlier. She was a wealthy widow of a man who owned several dhows. She had rejected many suitors but then heard about this trader Aziz, and they married, putting to rest the bad rumors about her stemming from her rejections. Uncle Aziz sold the dhows and his business prospered. Khalil’s father had a business south of Bagamayo, but they were poor. Uncle Aziz came to visit and had intense talks with his father. Khalil learned that his father owed Uncle Aziz money from a loan to help Khalil’s brother start a business which failed. Later, Mohammed Abdalla came and took away Khalil and his sister Amina to be rehani. His father died, and his mother and brothers moved to Arabia. Initially, Khalil worked in the shop with a man named Mohammed, who left one day when Uncle Aziz threatened to strike him for an accounting error. Amina, who was seven, served the Mistress but was afraid of her because the Mistress had an illness that left a big mark on her face. The mirrors on the trees were there so the Mistress could see the garden without going out. When she saw Yusuf there, she thought he could heal her with prayer or spit or touch. Amina said the Mistress would call to Yusuf to take pity on her when he was in the garden, but Yusuf didn’t understand the Arabic. Uncle Aziz didn’t want to take Yusuf on the journey, but he also didn’t want him left there with the Mistress, which is why the merchant left him with Hamid for a year. Uncle Aziz had ordered the mirrors taken down. The Mistress’s madness is renewed now that Yusuf is back. Khalil thinks it’s dangerous and warns Yusuf not to ever touch her. Yusuf realizes the figure in the doorway must have been Amina. Khalil reveals that Uncle Aziz married her the previous year, which settled his father’s the debt. Yusuf points out that that means Khalil is free to go, but Khalil responds that he has nowhere to go, and his sister is still there.

Part 5, Chapter 6 Summary

Khalil and Yusuf go into the Mistress’s chamber to see her. She doesn’t look disheveled or crazed as Yusuf expected. She speaks calmly at first while Khalil translates. She believes Yusuf has a gift from God and can cure her. She pulls back her veil to show him a large purple mark on her cheek. Yusuf is not horrified by it but saddened that she thinks he can do anything. When Khalil struggles to translate a word, another person supplies the translation. Yusuf looks over to see Amina. He is struck by her glowing skin, and he smiles. Khalil tells him to say a prayer or make one up, just to calm the Mistress down. As he leaves, Yusuf makes eye contact with Amina and notes a reciprocated curiosity.

Part 5, Chapter 7 Summary

In order to keep the Mistress calm, Khalil promises her that he’ll bring Yusuf in regularly to pray on her. Yusuf is initially jocular about it, but Khalil worries that the Mistress has reached a new, dangerous level of fervor. Amina and Yusuf smile at each other. The Mistress wants Khalil and Yusuf to eat in the house and come every day to say prayers. For propriety’s sake, they quash the eating idea but continue to visit her for prayers. Yusuf teases Khalil about his anxiety, but Khalil retorts that Yusuf isn’t taking the situation seriously enough because he enjoys the flattery. Yusuf returns to work in the garden, hoping to catch sight of Amina. The Mistress repeats that Yusuf has a gift, and she encourages him to continue his work in the garden and to sing while he does so. Yusuf approaches the Mistress when she beckons and touches her face. Despite Khalil’s warnings, Yusuf continues in the garden, and Hamdani starts leaving him work to do. Sometimes he hears Amina singing. Khalil begs and shouts at Yusuf to not go to the Mistress’s again for fear of bringing shame on them. He says there are things Yusuf doesn’t understand, but he doesn’t tell Yusuf what they are. Yusuf ignores him and returns to the garden.

Part 5, Chapter 8 Summary

Yusuf visits the Mistress on his own, and Amina translates. She tells him that there is much Khalil did not translate for him, such as that the Mistress’s name is Zulekha and she wanted him to know that. Once again, Yusuf touches the Mistress’s cheek. She invites him to come at any time and tells him he can sleep in the courtyard if he wants. Yusuf starts to feel uneasy about the situation. As he leaves, Amina walks him to the door. She admits to watching him from there. To make conversation, Yusuf says that Amina and Khalil don’t look very much alike. She tells him she saw him find an amulet. He responds that if he rubs it, a good jinn will come, but he hasn’t done that yet because he hasn’t made his plans. Amina says that she threw away an amulet because it was supposed to protect her from evil, but it didn’t; therefore, she jokes that it couldn’t be the same amulet. Khalil is not around when Yusuf goes to his sleeping mat. A storm breaks.

Part 5 Analysis

The descent of Mohammed Abdalla that began in the last Chapter finishes in this one, as the merchant finally dismisses him while keeping on Simba Mwene. However, the main element of this Chapter is about managing desires. The grove of desire that titles this Chapter is the walled garden of the merchant’s house, but the desire resides in three of its people: the Mistress, Yusuf, and Amina. The Mistress yearns for healing and, believing Yusuf to be an angel or at least gifted by God, she believes he can cure her. However, her desires may spring less from a need for healing and more from an attraction to the young man and a need for physical attention. Though Khalil cautions Yusuf not to touch the Mistress and only pray, Zulekha’s requests and offers get increasingly intimate and socially inappropriate, from offers to have the men dine in the house and for Yusuf to sleep in the courtyard, to requesting that he spit or breath on her face. She is dangerous in her instability, yet Yusuf is too drawn by his own desire to Amina to avoid the Mistress.

Yusuf is immediately captivated by Amina’s presence, her luminous skin and curious eyes. Not only does he visit the Mistress against Khalil’s advice just to see her, but he spends more time in the garden to catch glimpses of her. The garden was always a place he had always enjoyed, but now the garden also offers him chances to have his romantic desires addressed. Between the gardener Hamdani singing his “joyful qasidas in praise of God” while Yusuf works and hearing Amina singing, Yusuf thinks he understands “the joy of secret love” (215). Indeed, those moments exist in a pleasurable isolation from the rest of their difficult lives and the world beyond the walled garden. Yusuf and Amina’s relationship is one of potential, not actualities, which is the sweetness of imagination before acting and having to face reality. In that state, they can forget that Uncle Aziz exists, or that foreign armies are invading or that they are bound in servitude. Unlike the stress of constant movement from earlier in the novel, the walled garden depicts stillness and staying in one place as an experience of freedom.

Khalil sounds the warnings about the Mistress’s mental instability, but they go unheeded, which creates tension between Yusuf and Khalil. In their argument, Khalil accuses Yusuf of believing in fairy tales, which criticizes what he sees as Yusuf’s fanciful dreams of running away with Amina and having a happy life. Amina also voices skepticism to Yusuf’s hopefulness when she tells Yusuf that she threw away an amulet that she was told would protect her from evil, but it didn’t. She hopes that Yusuf’s amulet “has more virtue in it than the one I threw away, and that it will protect you better than it did me” (219). While Yusuf’s response seems more mature or level-headed than Khalil or Amina seem to think he is—“Nothing can protect us from evil” (219)—he does not ask Amina what compelled her to disregard the amulet. He seems unwilling to have his hope shattered explicitly by hearing from what exactly the amulet did not protect Amina. As a newly developed characters in the novel, Amina and the Mistress provide the story with an alternative perspective of the way that colonialism of the time affects the domestic space. While Yusuf experiences some sense of freedom and agency in the garden and the social organization of Aziz’s home, the women do not seem to fair as well. Amina has been married off to Aziz, which frees her family from her father’s debt, but it also confines her to Aziz’s home for life. As Khalil explains, his own freedom that came with Amina’s marriage wasn’t really free. Essentially Khalil’s freedom is tied to Amina’s. Further, the mental state of the Mistress reflects a common motif of the “madwoman” in 19th and turn-of-the century fiction. Although the Mistress clearly benefits from the status and class of her husband, she is imprisoned by her own mind and therefore the home. Her refusal to leave the home and her belief that Yusuf, an outsider, can heal her symbolizes the paradoxical nature of globalization, which can be incredibly frightening, driving someone to hide in the familiar, but also can inspire a mysterious hopefulness. But this section does not provide moments in which the possible threats or benefits of this evolving social-political landscape have come to pass. The uncertainty can be maddening. 

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By Abdulrazak Gurnah