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54 pages 1 hour read

Walter Dean Myers

Monster

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1999

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Literary Devices

Alternating Forms

Myers alternates points of view and genres across the text, combining Steve’s first-person journal with the artifact of his screenplay. The text uses varying font sizes that sometimes appear handwritten and at other times have a typewritten quality. His first-person journaling draws readers into the depths of Steve as a complex individual who is capable of self-reflection, growth, and empathy. The shift to a third person screenplay format allows Myers to demonstrate the powerlessness that Steve’s interiority has once he is wrapped up in the criminal justice system.

Ambiguity

Monster presents readers with a potentially problematic protagonist, and Myers works to keep the truth of Steve’s guilt or innocence somewhat murky. If he informs readers that Steve was not in on the robbery, the story becomes a struggle to prove innocence. If he informs readers that Steve is indeed guilty, Steve becomes a much less sympathetic character, reducing the degree of concern readers have regarding his treatment and future. By keeping the reader at arm’s length about Steve’s true guilt or innocence, he invites readers to consider why we consider some characters worthy of our empathy and not others.

Greek Chorus

In the classical Greek plays, there is a chorus of observers who serve as prophetic interpreters of the drama taking place on stage. The comments of the chorus often foreshadow fated events or proclaim the folly of the main characters. In Myers’s narrative, the voice of the Greek chorus is provided by the unnamed inmates in Steve’s cell. They inform him of the painful, inevitable realities of being charged with a crime, with the helplessness of this situation, and ironies and hypocrisy of the system in which he ensnared. To a lesser extent, the prison guards also fulfill the Greek chorus role: telling him what he should do, chastising him for his actions, and revealing the futility of his condition. 

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