44 pages • 1 hour read
Benito Perez GaldosA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Teodoro Golfín, a skilled eye surgeon, makes his way through the north of Spain in search of the mines of Socrates at the recommendation of his brother, Cárlos, who is a friend to one of the proprietors of the mines. He receives directions to the mines from the nearby townspeople of Villamojada. As he walks, he realizes he has lost his way. When he reaches an abyss where he can proceed no further, he stops to lament his circumstances aloud. Suddenly, he hears Nela’s beautiful singing voice in the distance though he does not know its origins at first. When he calls out to her, she does not answer. Instead, a dog named Choto runs up to Teodoro with a young blind boy, Pablo, not far behind. Pablo, the only son of the wealthy Francisco Penáguilas, tells Teodoro that he is near the mines of Socrates but that the entrance is in another direction. He offers to guide Teodoro to the entrance as he is highly familiar with the mines. Teodoro is skeptical of Pablo’s ability to navigate given his lack of sight, but the boy insists that he has gone from one end of the mine to another before with the help of Choto and a walking stick when his friend, Nela, is not around.
Pablo takes Teodoro through the mines. They come across an area called La Terrible. The area is a deep cavern with terrifying formations that look like the shapes of petrified creatures and people. They proceed ahead until they hear Nela’s voice. Pablo tells Nela to wait for them to approach as they are headed towards her direction. He explains to Teodoro that Nela is his guide. She was tasked by his father to bring him a cloak. Nela had obediently gone to fetch it and is now meeting them.
Pablo continues to guide Teodoro through another tunnel where they pass a bottomless cavern called La Trascava, which leads to the sea at Ficóbriga. The young boy explains that all those who have jumped into the cavern have never come out. While others are frightened of this cavern, he and Nela would sit by it and listen to the gurgling of the water, which sounds like speaking voices. He explains that while others might consider the darkness of these mines to be gloomy, he finds that the darkness matches his own perception of the world as a blind person.
When Pablo and Teodoro finally reach the surface, the boy shows Teodoro a rock that he has picked up in the tunnel, thinking it to be a crystal. Teodoro tells him that the crystal is only a rock and laments that Pablo cannot appreciate the stars in the sky. He offers words of hope to the young boy, but secretly believes there is nothing to be done about Pablo’s lack of sight.
Finally, they come face to face with Nela who has brought a cloak for the young boy. Pablo instructs Nela to show Teodoro around the rest of the mines while he returns to his father, who is expecting him.
Teodoro lights a cigar and uses the light to look at Nela’s face. Her features show her to be both grown and childlike. She reveals that she is an orphan and has been under the current care of Señor Centeno, the overseer of the mines, for the past thirteen years. When Teodoro inquires after her parents’ background, she tells him that they were unmarried when they lived in Villamojada. Her mother sold peppers at the market while her father lit and cleaned the first street lamps in the town. Once, when Nela was an infant, her father brought her with him to light the street lamps and accidentally dropped her into the river. Although Nela was fine, her mother never forgave her father, leaving him to die alone in a hospital years later when he fell ill. Her mother found work in the mines but was let go from her position for drinking too much. Her mother then committed suicide by jumping into the cavern at La Trascava.
Teodoro expresses deep sympathy for Nela’s unfortunate life. Despite Teodoro’s best efforts to remind Nela of her worth, she keeps insisting, “I am no good to any one” (24). She tells him that she is too weak to work in the mines so she is tasked with the care of Pablo. She mentions that Teodoro’s brother, Cárlos, an engineer at the mines, has a sibling who can cure Pablo of his blindness. Unbeknownst to Nela, Teodoro is the doctor who has come to attempt to treat Pablo’s blindness. Teodoro does not reveal himself to her.
Eventually, the two reach the furnaces. Several houses and offices are located nearby. Teodoro hears a piano playing from one of the houses and immediately recognizes it as his sister-in-law Sofía’s tune. When Teodoro and Nela reach the house, Teodoro’s brother and sister-in-law come to great them joyously. Teodoro gives Nela a peseta (a silver coin) for assisting him on his journey.
In the first three chapters, the novel establishes the early characterization of Nela and Teodoro as representations of the New World and Christopher Columbus (the explorer), respectively. When Teodoro is alone with Nela for the first time, he observes that she possesses many uncertain qualities, neither fully child nor woman, neither developed nor underdeveloped. Teodoro notes, “[s]he looked like a child… but she [also] looked like a tiny woman” (20). The descriptions of her uncertain traits point not only to her literal age as a developing young woman but also gestures to the novel’s colonial representation of her as the New World or the Americas. These uncertain qualities are depicted as being in between stages of development, and thus in supposed need of refinement. Teodoro observes in Nela, “[i]n your uncertainty, it was hard to say whether she was astonishingly forward or lamentably backward” (20). The uncertainty regarding whether Nela is “forward” or “backward” refers to assumptions about Native primitive thought and the possibilities of colonial education to civilize the people of the New World.
Teodoro enacts the role of Christopher Columbus, who sailed under the Spanish crown, as a character who is a master of sight. As a respected eye surgeon who has traveled through the Americas, Teodoro’s arrival at the mines of Socrates signals a discovery of a resource-rich but primitive land that will be changed by his knowledge of sight. This is evident through his first encounter with Pablo, a blind boy who represents the idealistic explorer. Pablo bravely navigates the mines through memory and knowledge garnered from Nela. However, Teodoro notes that this knowledge is insufficient as it relies on folk interpretations of the world. Pablo shares Nela’s fantastical ideas of voices coming from the caverns and relishes his life in darkness, which he claims has “an affinity with my own nature” (16). While these naïve ideas appear harmless at first, Teodoro observes the dangers of such misrecognition. When Pablo picks up a rock, thinking that it is a crystal, Teodoro corrects him, noting instead the shining stars of the sky as the more impressive gems. By directing Pablo to the heavens, Teodoro points to the possibility of a more expansive view of life, one that is not caught in misrecognition of earthly objects but of exaltation of higher beings.