logo

56 pages 1 hour read

Ivan Doig

Last Bus To Wisdom: A Novel

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2015

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Symbols & Motifs

The Memory Book

Content Warning: The source text includes anti-fat bias as well as outdated and insensitive terminology to refer to Indigenous Americans, people without permanent homes, and people with disabilities. The text also features the theft of Indigenous artifacts by non-Indigenous people.

Integral to the personal growth he experiences, Donal has many interpersonal encounters with others, both on and off the bus, facilitated by the memory book he carries. While his initial goal is enshrinement in Ripley’s Believe It or Not for having more memory book signatures than any other human being, the book’s purpose and significance evolves to represent the experience and wisdom he gains on his journey.

The signers leave not just a tangible signature and inscription, but also a memory and a lesson. When Donal asks three soldiers to sign, he learns their destination is Korea, causing him to reflect on these young men in light of his father’s nearly fatal D-Day experience. Some inscriptions leave feelings of bitter irony, as when the pickpocket signs his name “I.M. Desmosz,” a reference to Dismas—the thief crucified with Jesus—before stealing all of Herman and Donal’s money. Other signers, such as the Schneiders, teach Donal something about the lifestyles of others—such as traveling for pleasure—while also forming connections that help him along his journey, as when he later turns their son, the doctor at Yellowstone, for help. The exercise of filling his memory book provides an important learning experience for Donal, even when some do not sign it, such as when he learns that half of the migrant workers will not sign the book because they cannot read.

The Obsidian Arrowhead

When Donal finds a rare, precolonial obsidian arrowhead in a stream on the Double W Ranch, Gram forces him to turn it over to Wendell. Donal perceives this as an injustice. Passing by the arrowhead’s display in the ranch house after Wendell refuses to keep him on while Gram recuperates from her surgery, Donal snatches the arrowhead. Donal relies on the arrowhead for luck throughout his journey, encouraged by Herman and later, Louie Slewfoot.

The ownership of the item, razor sharp and made from volcanic glass by coastal Indigenous people, becomes an ongoing point of contention in the narrative. From Wendell’s viewpoint, the arrowhead belongs to him since Donal discovers it on property he claims ownership of, similar to the other Indigenous artifacts he displays in his mansion’s “show-off case.” He thus considers Donal a thief for taking it.

In contrast, Donal believes that his claim, based upon his subsistence efforts and his birth in a Montana work camp, supersedes Wendell’s. Doig suggests, via Donal—who does not have Indigenous heritage—that the arrowhead symbolizes Donal’s (and thus, the author’s) connection to the land on which he found it. When Donal shows the arrowhead to Louie—a member of the Blackfoot nation—Louie refers to it as “big medicine” but does not challenge Donal’s possession of it. Louie’s correction of a number of stereotypes about Indigenous people and defense of the sacred nature of Indigenous regalia implies a degree of sensitivity on Doig’s part. However—even though Indigenous land acknowledgments were not commonplace in the novel’s 1950s setting—it is notable that no characters acknowledge Indigenous peoples’ claims to the land on which Wendell’s ranch is situated, nor their ownership rights to ancestral artifacts found on land that was taken from them via colonization. The author also co-opts Indigenous spiritual practices, to a degree, via Donal’s use of the arrowhead to call upon “spirits” to bring him good fortune.

The arrowhead also serves as a reference to another of Doig’s novels, The Whistling Season, in which some youths discover a black-glass arrowhead that becomes a keepsake in their family, school, and community.

The Cascade of Near-Disasters

On a couple of occasions, Herman—who does not speak English natively—confuses the words “fate” and “faith.” Donal reports looking the words up and learning that their roots are completely different. Despite this, these concepts intertwine for the two travelers as they continually move westward on faith, based solely upon way Donal employs Fingerspitzengefühl—or intuition—as his finger wanders the Greyhound route maps.

The motif of near disasters supports The Capriciousness of Luck, as each crisis the travelers encounter is aided by unforeseen assistance. On his first trip, Donal’s bus abruptly leaves without him in Minneapolis, taking his great-aunt’s contact information, but a Minneapolis newspaper van races Donal’s Greyhound across the Mississippi to get him back aboard. When Aunt Kate catches him invading her coin stash to retrieve the $5 she owes him, she ships him back to Montana disastrously ahead of schedule, but Herman steps in to join him unexpectedly. The second half of the journey proves even more perilous, as Donal and Herman discover they are fugitives; a phony preacher steals all their money; and they end up in the midst of a rough band of migrant workers who are suspicious of them. Ultimately, the migrant workers accept the travelers and protect them from a local sheriff.

In each case, such assistance allows Donal and Herman to prevail. Doig thus implies that going out on faith allows one to embrace one’s fate.

The Poorfarm/Orphanage

A constant concern of Donal’s is the possibility that his grandmother might end up in the “poorfarm” and, as a result, he would end up in a state-run orphanage. Donal’s worry is not baseless. Though seldom discussed today, poorhouses—also referred to as almshouses, inside relief, or in Gram’s case, “the poorfarm”—were widely used American institutions where people experiencing poverty as well as people with mental, physical, or cognitive disabilities resided as wards of the state. Prior to 1935 and the advent of Social Security, citizens who met certain, typically rigid, civil requirements might receive small amounts of financial assistance—outside relief. However, those with no other means could find food and shelter in the institutions that Gram, Aunt Kate, and Donal fret about in the narrative. Gram, as the narrative reveals, cannot afford to have her surgery in a private hospital and must rely on the charity of a religious institution, implying that she is only a step away from the poorhouse if she does not physically recover.

Donal also worries that, if Gram cannot accept responsibility for him, he will end up in an orphanage. Such large institutions were prevalent through the 1970s. They not only provided care for orphans, but also for those abandoned by all relatives. Underlying both these fears is Doig’s implicit warning that an individual might, through no fault of one’s own, end up becoming a captive ward of the state.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text
blurred text