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44 pages 1 hour read

Denis Johnson

Jesus' Son

Fiction | Short Story Collection | Adult | Published in 1992

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Themes

The Slipperiness of Time

The majority of the stories in Jesus’ Son feature non-linear narratives. However, beyond just reordering the events of his stories to center around theme rather than chronology, Johnson fully breaks down the line between real-world, linear events, hallucinations, and anticipations. For instance, at the end of “Car Crash While Hitchhiking,” the narrative takes a sharp turn away from the fairly linear story to jump into the future, when F**khead is hallucinating during a detox. The ending lines of the story further demonstrate this breakdown of traditional temporal order, as the story disintegrates even its perspective, moving from a traditional first-person perspective into a direct address to the reader: “Gigantic ferns leaned over us. The forest drifted down a hill. I could hear a creek rushing down among rocks. And you, you ridiculous people, you expect me to help you” (10).

In a traditionally ordered narrative, each event is causally linked: Everything that happens in a piece of fiction is typically the direct consequence of a previous action or event. In Jesus’ Son, many of the stories feature events that are causally disconnected, so a story in this collection can contain many different anecdotes, which, instead of being linked by direct plot events or character actions, are instead linked by the relationships of feeling/emotion and theme. In the story “Work,” for instance, the narrative begins describing F**khead’s chaotic relationship with his girlfriend, before moving to the bar, then to the house they’re stripping of copper, to his friend’s ex-wife, then back to the bar. The ending of “Work,” in which F**khead worships his favorite bartender like she was his mother, doesn’t have any direct relationship with the description of the relationship at the beginning of the story. Rather, the passages at the end are connected by mood—a sad, nostalgic pining—and by the theme of F**khead viewing the women in his life often as mothers or lovers.

The slipperiness of time comes to a distinct head in the story “Out on Bail,” which is about F**khead running into Jack Hotel at The Vine. At first, F**khead believes Jack Hotel to be there during a recess in his trial, but later, the reader finds out that F**khead was mistaken, and Jack Hotel is at the bar because he was acquitted. Just as the character F**khead doesn’t grasp reality due to his substance use disorder, the narrative itself, which F**khead is telling, also doesn’t follow the logical rules of storytelling, instead giving us a rundown of the various characters in the bar and how F**khead feels about them. This method of composition enhances the mindset of someone with substance use disorder, as is the nature of the book: Its construction focuses on how someone like F**khead perceives the world around them.

Substance Use Disorder

One of the most salient aspects of Jesus’ Son is its focus on substance use disorder, and particularly the consequences of it on those people experiencing it, as well as their friends and loved ones. Every story of the collection deals with F**khead’s various substance use disorders and their consequences on his life, except for the final story of the collection, “Beverly Home,” which involves F**khead’s newfound sobriety in Arizona. The role of substance use disorder is so pervasive that it informs the narrative structure itself; each of the stories of Jesus’ Son is fragmentary, surreal, and written with a lyrical intensity that mimics the feelings of being under the influence of substances within the prose itself.

Substance use disorder is central to this work, appearing at the beginning of the collection, with the narrator saying that during his day of hitchhiking, he was picked up by “the salesman and the Indian and the student—all of whom had given me drugs” (3). A notable aspect of the substance-use writing in Jesus’ Son is the lyrical nature of the writing—drugs, for F**khead, are thought of as an almost spiritual experience, with many of the scenes involving near-religious experiences and profundities, including visions and hallucinations.

One of the most salient aspects of F**khead is his almost complete lack of responsibility for any of his own actions, which are typically justified within the text as consequences of his substance use disorder. For instance, in the story “Emergency,” F**khead accidentally kills a litter of baby bunnies that were rescued by his friend Georgie. However, though F**khead justifies himself through his intoxication, this and other scenes make it clear that F**khead’s irresponsibility is an aspect of his character rather than merely induced by substances. Georgie, for instance, asks him, “Does everything you touch turn to shit? Does this happen to you every time?” (69). Though drugs are constant in Jesus’ Son, the flaws of the characters, particularly F**khead, go deeper than substance use disorder. Instead, they’re shown to be a result of the inner turmoil that infects every aspect of their lives. Though the consequences of substance use disorder in Jesus’ Son are rather simple and predictable, the causes are multifaceted and complex.

Violence as Inevitability

Throughout Jesus’ Son, violence occurs randomly and with no real logical basis or consistency. Instead, the text treats violent acts as inevitable, equivalent to forces of nature, with no controlling their causes or outcomes. This acts as an offshoot from the stories’ focus on substance use disorder, as the work makes it clear that the inevitable violence that accompanies such situations is uncontrollable, by the narrator or anyone else in his life. The violence shown in Jesus’ Son is multifaceted, from F**khead accidentally killing the litter of baby bunnies to the various bar fights and drunken arguments.

The most overtly violent action in the collection is the death of McInnes in the story “Dundun.” The title character Dundun, whom F**khead hoped to meet to “purchase some pharmaceutical opium,” tells him when he arrives at the farm that, “McInnes isn’t feeling too good today. I just shot him” (37). The casual nature of the character’s relationships to the violence around them, and this shooting in particular, continues throughout the story. Jack Hotel, for instance, characterizes it as “somebody shot somebody” (37); when they first tried to take McInnes to the hospital, they crashed the car into a shed; and when McInnes dies during his second trip to the hospital, Dundun speculates as to whether he would have the guts to become a contract killer.

Dundun’s violence continues; at the end of the story, F**khead writes that, years later, “Dundun tortured Jack Hotel at the lake outside of Denver. He did this to get information about a stolen item […] Will you believe me when I tell you there was kindness in his heart?” (40-41). Dundun is at the extreme end of violent actions within this narrative, but even he is afforded the complexity of understanding as to his inner motivations. In the world of Jesus’ Son, violent actions do not reflect an inherent evilness in someone’s character. Rather, they’re evidence of the circumstances that the characters find themselves in, just as the narrator’s substance use is explained as a matter of circumstance. Violence is the outcome of circumstances, just as substance use disorder. By depicting violent actions this way (and, crucially, without excusing the narrator of the harm he causes to others), Jesus’ Son depicts a nuanced portrait of the consequences of social and economic dislocation and alienation.

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