25 pages • 50 minutes read
Ralph EllisonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Todd, a young, Black Air Force candidate in flight training school, is the story’s protagonist. The story is told from the third-person limited point of view and explores Todd’s preoccupation with proving that he and other Black people are just as capable as white people. Todd’s persistent anxiety coexists with his resentment of the injustices he and his people face. He tends to be defensive and temperamental; for example, he becomes angry when he remembers the letter from his girlfriend encouraging him to use good judgment, and he assumes that Jefferson is mocking him when he tells the story of the Black angel. He almost too proud to even accept help from Jefferson and Teddy.
In the racist society of 1940s America, Todd’s pride is dangerous. When Dabney Graves mockingly tries to put him in the straitjacket, Todd speaks up for himself, even though he likely knows that Graves will not be receptive or kind.
Another of Todd’s central traits is sensitivity. While he drifts in and out of a pain-induced delirium, he reflects on why he decided to enter flight training school in the first place: because he saw a plane as a child and was amazed. Connecting with this innocent memory, which is nonetheless marred by the memory of the Ku Klux Klan dropping racist flyers from a plane, helps Todd remember who he is outside of the judgment of white people.
The story’s Black characters are foils for one another, as each embodies a different aspect of Black Identity and Stereotypes in America. Todd eventually realizes that Jefferson and Teddy are more than the poor, uneducated Black stereotypes he thought they were. Without realizing it, Todd had come to see them through the eyes of the white people whose judgment he so feared. By the end of the story, Todd accepts that he should appreciate and value his fellow Black Americans regardless of their upbringings and backgrounds, rather than judge and distance himself.
Jefferson is the sharecropper who finds Todd when he falls from the plane. A good-hearted man, he immediately tries to get Todd to a doctor. Todd thinks Jefferson is ignorant; when Jefferson asks why Todd wants to fly, he thinks, “Because it’s the most meaningful act in the world […] because it makes me less like you” (153).
Jefferson attempts to distract Todd with stories. The story Jefferson tells about the Black angel particularly irritates Todd because he feels as though Jefferson is ridiculing him by comparing the angel’s situation with Todd crashing the plane.
Todd’s impression of Jefferson, in terms of both his supposed unintelligence and his tendency to make fun of Todd, is wrong. Jefferson is the most compassionate character in the story. Despite Todd’s irritability, Jefferson is consistently kind, patient, and legitimately concerned about Todd’s injuries. In addition, Jefferson is far more knowledgeable than he appears. Not only does he immediately ask Todd how long the white people will actually let him fly, but he also warns Todd that Dabney Graves is a cruel man.
Jefferson symbolizes loyalty and kinship (as does Teddy, though he is not as major of a character). In the final scene, after Graves kicks Todd in the chest, Jefferson and Teddy help carry him. It is notable that the characters Todd initially disdained are the two who assist him in his time of need; furthermore, Jefferson is so empathetic toward Todd that, although he probably could sense Todd’s hostility toward him and Teddy, he is kind, nonetheless.
Graves represents the pointless cruelty that African Americans experienced during the World War II era. His appearance in the story is brief, but it is crucial to the main plot and character arcs. Due to his sense of superiority, Graves thinks it is comical to put Todd, whom he has never seen or met, in a straitjacket. The straitjacket symbolizes the stifling of freedom, humiliation, and ostracization experienced by Black Americans.
One of Graves’s other acquaintances tells him that Todd is not “crazy” but that Graves’s cousin Rudolph is mentally unstable enough to kill somebody. Graves replies that Todd must be “crazy” because Black people are incapable of flying planes. He insists that the “n***** brain ain’t built right for high altitudes” (171). Given his racist outlook, he may actually believe that a Black man could not possibly fly and remain “sane.” Nevertheless, Graves is likely looking for any excuse to torment Todd, and he would rather risk his cousin Rudolph committing murder than allow someone he finds inferior to have dignity or agency.
Graves kicking Todd in the chest brings the narrative full circle. Todd, lying on his back, finds himself in the same position in which he began the story. For every step Todd takes forward (such as flying a plane or attempting to stand up for himself), a character like Graves appears to knock him down. Furthermore, it is significant that Graves chooses Todd’s chest, as opposed to his head, for example. Graves kicks Todd “in his chest and he c[an] barely breathe” (171). This scene is metaphorical, but it is also literal; Graves aims to kill Todd simply for being in the wrong place at the wrong time.
By Ralph Ellison