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Edna St. Vincent MillayA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Perhaps the central theme of Millay’s lyric “Ebb” is love. It’s love that compels the speaker to use her voice, as her heartbreak seems to leave her with no other option but to put it into words and make sense of what’s happened to her. The love between the speaker and her partner has ebbed or “died” (Line 2). Thus, the theme isn’t simply about love but love and loss.
In “Ebb,” the theme of love and loss centers on the heart. The heart serves as the main symbol for the speaker. In other words, the single body part—the heart—stands in for the entire woman. Through the heart, the speaker exhibits her welfare and emotions. Where the heart goes, the woman speaker follows. Because her heart isn’t in great shape, neither is the woman. The lost love has left the woman speaker feeling empty. She describes her heart as “hollow” (Line 3). It contains only a “little tepid pool” (Line 6) that is slowly drying out. In “Ebb,” the theme of love isn’t positive but negative. It’s a depleting, enervating experience that engenders woe for the speaker.
The theme of death occurs in Line 2 when the speaker announces that her partner’s love has “died” (Line 2). The death of love leads to change. The implied transformation occurs in Line 1 and 2 when the speaker states, “I know what my heart is like / Since your love died.”
The notable words that signify a change in these two lines are “is,” “since,” and “died.” The verb “is” indicates the present. Right now, the speaker’s heart is like something, which indicates that previously (in the past tense) the speaker’s heart was like something else. “Since” is a preposition that tells the reader that something has indeed happened during a given period. There’s been a change, and the change is a direct result of the speaker’s love, which has “died.” “Died,” too, is in the past tense. The speaker describes a substantial change. The death of her partner’s love has altered her keenly.
Now, the speaker’s heart isn’t so full or fecund. It’s “hollow” (Line 3) and occupied by only a “little tepid pool” (Line 6). This is the present state of the speaker’s heart, and its change connects to the death of love. The departed love has reshaped the speaker’s heart for the worse; it’s small, barely warm, and slowly drying up. The decay has put the speaker in danger as the breakdown drives her to a “ledge” (Line 3) or “edge” (Line 7). It’s as if the speaker is at a tipping point and not in a solid, steady space. She's in a fragile state, as it’s rather easy to fall from a ledge or edge. The “Drying inward” (Line 7) furthers the theme of precarity as it makes it seem like a disease is consuming the speaker from the inside and causing her to wither away. It is as if the death of her partner’s love pushes the speaker to the brink of death.
In Line 1, the “heart” is a symbol tied to nature because the heart develops naturally. When the speaker announces the love between her and her partner has “died” (Line 2), nature remains because death is a natural part of life. The change in the speaker’s heart due to the death is natural, too, because the body goes through many organic alterations as it faces diverse physical and emotional experiences, like heartbreak.
The simile that comprises most of the poem relies on nature as well. The speaker compares her heart to something natural—water. Her heart is a “hollow ledge / Holding a little pool” (Lines 3-4) of water. Of course, humans can create ledges and edges independent of nature, but nature can create ledges and edges out of rocks and mountains. The speech doubles down on nature by presenting the “little pool” as a product of “the tide” (Line 5). The speaker (the human) doesn’t determine the shape and condition of the heart. It’s the sea tide that possesses the power, so the heart is a consequence of nature.
As with nature, there are dry periods and wet periods. Right now, Millay's speaker is going through a dry period, as her heart is “Drying inward from the edge” (Line 7). With the extended simile, the speaker firmly fastens the theme of love to the theme of nature. With both themes, the severe and unpleasant aspects reign supreme.
By Edna St. Vincent Millay