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34 pages 1 hour read

Armstrong Sperry

Call it Courage

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 1940

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Chapter 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary: “Drums”

Mafatu starts work on his canoe and makes the tools he will need for survival. He finds that his experience with the tasks he was responsible for in Hikueru comes in handy and he feels thankful for the chores he used to dislike. He uses fire to fell a tree for his canoe and makes a raft of bamboo so he can catch fish on the reef. While Mafatu works, Uri is always beside him, and Kivi comes and goes, always returning at sundown. Mafatu finds a mulberry tree and uses the inner white fiber to make clothing for himself. He knows that returning to Hikueru with good clothing will showcase his skill in living off the land. Other tasks keep Mafatu busy as well, such as making his lean-to into a house, fashioning fishhooks from bone, and making rope.

One day, Mafatu finds a whale skeleton and is overjoyed to bring all the bones back to camp. He plans to use them to make an ax, a knife, and more fishhooks. He spends hours carving and grinding the blades for the ax and knife on a slab of basalt. As he works, he thinks of the hammerhead shark that has been breaking into his bamboo fish trap. Now he will have a knife to kill it!

However, after he has finished the knife, Mafatu’s bravery fades, and he feels nervous as he ventures out on the reef with Uri to check his fish trap. Just as Mafatu expects, the hammerhead shark is lurking near the fish trap, and Mafatu watches as the shark breaks the trap with its jaws and eats the fish. Uri begins barking at the shark and running back and forth on the raft, and he falls in the water. As the hammerhead starts swimming toward Uri, Mafatu grips his knife and jumps in after his dog. He comes up under the shark and stabs it, killing the shark. As he pulls Uri onto the raft, Mafatu can hardly believe he killed the ma’o (shark) with only his knife, and realizes he did it without thinking, to save Uri.

Mafatu continues the many steps in the process of making his canoe. His progress is slow because he takes time to climb the plateau each day to look out for people coming from the neighboring island, which he calls Smoking Island. On his hike one day, Mafatu hears a wild boar crashing through the jungle. At first he wants to run, but Mafatu fights this instinct, and instead shouts at the boar and braces himself, clutching his spear.

Mafatu stands his ground as boar runs at him, and the boar impales itself on Mafatu’s spear. Mafatu is shocked that he has killed a wild boar; he dances and shouts in celebration, knowing his father would be proud.

Back at his camp, Mafatu cooks the pig by creating an open oven: He heats a pile of stones in the fire, places the pig on the stones, and layers plantain leaves on top to trap the heat and cook the pig slowly. While pig cooks, Mafatu makes the boar’s tusks into a necklace. He imagines what his fellow villagers will say when they see his necklace, a symbol of immense bravery. As he thinks about killing the shark and the boar, Mafatu realizes he will soon be ready to return home having proven himself.

The day comes when Mafatu finally finishes his canoe. He doesn’t climb the plateau that day because he is so excited at the prospect of finishing the canoe. As he launches it for the first time, Mafatu offers the traditional prayer for launching ships in Hikueru. He no longer fears the reef and its thunderous waves. Mafatu believes he has “established a truce” with the sea god Moana, and he feels at home on the ocean (71). As Mafatu empties his fish trap, his knife snaps off its cord and falls to the ocean floor, near a dark hole in the reef wall. Mafatu is torn. He knows he needs his knife, but the hole it lies near could be home to a giant feké—octopus.

Mafatu thinks of Maui, whom he credits with providing the whale bones and keeping him safe thus far. Mafatu does not want Maui to think him a coward, so he gathers his courage and his breath, and dives down deep to retrieve the knife. As soon as he grabs it, an octopus tentacle shoots out from the cave and grabs his waist, while another one clamps onto his leg. Mafatu stabs for the octopus’s eye, but misses, and continues to struggle. Just as Mafatu runs out of air, he stabs again and reaches his mark, killing the octopus. Back in his canoe, Mafatu retrieves the octopus's body with a hook and line and stabs it again with his knife. He thanks Maui again for protecting him and makes plans to dry the octopus tentacles. When he brings them back to his village, the people will marvel at his bravery in killing it singlehandedly.

Night falls as Mafatu paddles back to shore. He plans to leave for home the next day, and prepares to leave at daybreak, filling his canoe with food and fresh water for his journey. As he falls asleep, Mafatu thinks about his father, hoping he will be proud of his son. Mafatu wakes before dawn to the sound of a drumbeat. He realizes with dread that the cannibals from the neighboring island have come. 

Chapter 4 Analysis

Mafatu overcomes his fears and gains confidence. In this chapter, he faces and kills three animals: the hammerhead shark, the boar, and the octopus. With both the shark and boar, he does not have much time to think. He must act at a moment’s notice, and this prevents him from backing down. However, with the octopus, he has time to consider the risk of diving to retrieve his knife. Because of the brave acts he already accomplished, Mafatu gains the confidence he needs to act even after fears fill his mind. When Mafatu triumphs over the animals, he feels a connection with his heritage, highlighting the identify shift Mafatu experiences. Not only has he gained courage, but he has also transitioned from being an outcast within his culture to an embodiment of his culture’s values.

Mafatu’s perspective of nature changes during his time away from home. He still sees the harshness of survival in nature, yet he accepts it. Along with his acceptance, he recognizes the beauty of the sea, as when Sperry uses imagery to describe the coral reef and the fish that inhabit it. Even though Mafatu knows from firsthand experience that one creature’s survival requires another’s death, he does not fear the sea more than the land. He feels at peace with Moana because he has proven himself with his skill, and because his outlook on nature and his own identify has shifted.

Mafatu takes pride in the boar’s tooth necklace and canoe he will use to prove himself to his people, and most importantly, to his father. Exceptional survival skills and symbols of bravery prove that one is a valuable and courageous member of his community. The boar’s tooth necklace is a trophy only possessed by the bravest hunters. Mafatu feels he cannot return to Hikueru until he has one, so when he kills the boar, he takes it as a sign that he is ready to return home. The canoe is another point of pride. Sperry provides details about the process of making a canoe to show the hard work Mafatu must put in each day. Mafatu knows the canoe will be a sign of his transformation the moment he arrives in Hikueru. He hopes his craftsmanship will make his father proud.

In Chapter Four, Sperry uses Polynesian words and plant names to develop the setting and depict early Polynesian culture. Sperry’s diction reveals Mafatu’s point of view and reactions in his native language. For example, Mafatu frequently expresses amazement with the word “Aué” (68). Sperry also introduces Polynesian terms for some animals, such as puaa viri (wild pig) and feké (octopus). In addition to his use of Mafatu’s language, Sperry includes names of plants specific to the novel’s setting, such as the pukatea tree. Sperry might have intended these words, incorporated into the mostly English-language text, to establish an element of linguistic realism and introduce the South Pacific to readers unfamiliar with the region.

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