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48 pages 1 hour read

James Ramsey Ullman

Banner In The Sky

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1954

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Chapters 16-19Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 16 Summary: “Darkness and Dawn”

The group rests at the shoulder beneath the final ascent. Rudi’s exhaustion is “forgotten in the bright promise” (223) of the summit. Winter is too fatigued to speak and sips tea from Franz, who asks if his head is hurting again. Winter admits that it is hurting “a little” but gets up, ready to keep climbing. Rudi realizes they have at least three hours to the summit and would never make it down before nightfall. They slowly start ascending the snow slope, but Winter is “anything but all right” (224), seized with a coughing fit. Franz insists that they stop for the day so Winter can rest, but Saxo is worried that the weather could change if they don’t summit now. While Winter asks the others to go on without him, Franz insists, “A guide of Kurtal does not leave his Herr on a mountain” (225). As they pitch their tents for the evening, Rudi remembers how “intoxicating” it was to have the fate of their climb rest on him as he climbed through the Needle. Now, there is nothing that he can do but “wait numbly; to hope and fear” (226).

As they eat and drink that evening, Rudi realizes Winter is worn out. Not only is he sick, but he spent so much internal energy getting the four of them there that he gave “too much of himself” (228). After Winter goes to bed, Franz tells Saxo to get him if Winter’s health gets worse overnight. As Franz and Rudi lie in bed, Saxo comes to their tent and proposes that he and Franz summit the mountain, leaving Rudi with Winter. Franz, showing his loyal character, refuses, insisting that Saxo isn’t a true guide if he would do such a thing. While Saxo claims that Franz is just looking for an excuse not to summit, Rudi knows as a “part of his heritage” (233) that a guide cannot leave his climber. Nevertheless, Rudi dreams of Saxo’s mocking face that night and wakes up early, realizing that Saxo is gone. Rudi follows him, trying not to look at Winter’s sleeping face, showing how powerful Rudi’s dream of summiting is. Rudi is conflicted, knowing his father wouldn’t have left Winter but feeling that “right and wrong did not matter” (236-237). 

Chapter 17 Summary: “The Day”

Early that morning, the villagers of Kurtal anxiously resume watching the summit from their telescope. Some complain that Saxo must have slowed everyone down, until they see “two small black specks” (242) approaching the summit. As the men wonder where the other two are, they let it slip that Rudi is on the mountain, which his mother is horrified to overhear. Ilse is not mad at the men for trying to hide Rudi’s climb from her, saying that she tried to “live my Rudi’s life for him” (244) and he is doing what he must. She goes to the church to pray. From the hut, Old Teo faithfully waits, staring at “the peak until his neck ached” (245). Teo, as tough as ever, insists on going with the other guides to wait at the base of the mountain, insisting that he was a climber before they were born.

Back on the mountain, Franz and Winter wake up to find that Saxo and Rudi are gone. Franz doesn’t want to leave the captain but feels compelled to protect Rudi. For a moment, he is also enraged at the idea of Saxo, the “Boaster of Broli” (247), being the first to summit the Citadel. Winter insists on going with Franz to find Rudi. While he is still tattered and wearied, Winter’s eyes are “burning again with their old bright fire” (250). Franz worries that Winter will slow him down but is shocked at his “sheer force of will” (251) in keeping up. The altitude is so high that both begin coughing. Eventually, they reach a narrow ridge with dangerous exposure on either side, a “catwalk in the sky” (252). After the ridge, there is a straight shot to the summit of the Citadel—but Rudi and Saxo are nowhere to be seen. When the men are nearly across the ridge, they find a knapsack with Rudi’s red shirt. They cannot see where Rudi would have fallen but know that Rudi would never have left the shirt. Franz ties it around his waist as he continues.

Chapter 18 Summary: “The Heights”

Chapter 18 takes place from Rudi’s perspective earlier that same morning. He climbs without major obstacles but finds it harder and harder due to the altitude. He despairs that Saxo will reach the summit before him. Rudi alternates between guilt for leaving the others and defiance, wondering why he shouldn’t be the one to summit. The mountain is so still it is almost unnerving, but Rudi assures himself, “I am not afraid” (259). When Rudi finally reaches Saxo, the guide tells him to go back to his "old woman of an uncle” (260), Saxo will not share the summit with anyone, let alone a Kurtaler. Rudi begs him to let him continue and reaches out to touch his arm. Saxo furiously wheels around, loses his balance, and begins to fall down the face of the mountain. As the rocks slide around him, Rudi clings to a boulder for safety.

Once the rocks subside, he sees where Saxo fell, his arm clearly broken. Saxo cannot find a way up, so Rudi scrambles down toward him. He takes off his pack and staff, leaving them on the ledge. Rudi knows he cannot carry him up the wall, so he tries to leverage himself to help Saxo climb up on his own. Despite several efforts, Rudi cannot get him up the wall. Saxo tells him to go on without him and “claim your victory” (267). Rudi knows that, even though Saxo is not a friend, it would be wrong to leave him. After examining their position longer, Rudi realizes there is not a route up, but there is a slim fault in the rock that would lead them back to their tents. With “the bitterest disappointment” (269), Rudi imagines what it would be like to scramble to the top of the mountain. Saxo urges him to go on to victory as “the conqueror of the Citadel. Your father’s son” (270). Mention of his father gives Rudi clarity. He makes a sling for Saxo and insists that they go down together. The process is excruciating. After going a few feet at a time, Rudi turns to help Saxo behind him. At one point they slip and, after gathering themselves, sit to rest. Rudi’s heart stops when he looks up the ridge toward the top of the Citadel and sees his uncle and Winter moving toward the base of the summit. Rudi wants to shout out to them but stops himself, realizing that if they don’t come back for him, they will reach the summit in half an hour.

Despite Saxo’s repeated insistence that Rudi abandon him, Rudi continues to guide him down. They fall over and over, “lurching, slipping, falling” (274) slowly. Rudi becomes so exhausted that he doesn’t think he can take another step. Saxo’s strength is almost entirely gone, and Rudi has to carry and drag him along. Gazing up the mountain again, he sees Winter and Franz on the Needle before the summit. Rudi collapses as “white mountain and sky spun around him” (275). Later, Rudi feels someone picking him up but remains unconscious. When Rudi wakes up, it is dark. He is back at camp with Winter and Franz, who carried him and Saxo. When Franz confirms that he and the captain made it to the summit, Rudi says, “We got our Herr to the top” (275).

Chapter 19 Summary: “The Conqueror”

After resting for an hour and refueling on tea and chocolate, the climbers begin their descent. Franz has the hardest job as the last man on the rope, carrying almost all of Saxo’s weight. When Saxo falls and insists he can’t go on any longer, the others coax him along. As they belay down a wall, Rudi slips and feels the rope grasp onto his chest, realizing how fragile his life is. Rudi wants to be as strong as he can, not making things harder on Winter, who guides him down. Eventually, Rudi is practically lowered down “like a bundle of firewood” (278), which is embarrassing for him. When he finally reaches the platform below the Fortress, Rudi feels Teo, whose eyes are filled with tears, holding onto him. Making it back to the hut and falling asleep is a blur. When Rudi awakes, there is a whole group around him, including Klaus Wesselhoft, one of the boys who always teased him. While Klaus greets him as “angel face” (279) again, Rudi can tell that his tone is different now. Saxo is able to walk slowly, and two men escort him back to Broli. Before leaving, Saxo shakes Rudi’s hand, thanking him for saving his life. He says, “I salute you” (280) and instructs Winter and Franz, the “conquerors of the Citadel” (280), to thank him, too.

Crowds greet the climbers at the base of the glacier, and the town celebrates more than ever in its history. People flood in from the surrounding villages. When they reach the town square, Rudi sees his mother. While she is crying, Rudi can see that behind them is something “deeper and stronger and more shining than tears” (281), as the two of them share a wordless and profound moment together. The mayor praises Franz and Winter, saying that everyone will know the Citadel as their mountain. Winter interrupts him and insists, “It is Rudi’s mountain” (282). Winter points to the top of the mountain, where Rudi sees his father’s shirt flying “like a banner against the shining sky” (283). Winter insists that Rudi and his father put it there. Rudi leaves with Teo to go wash dishes—he’s fallen behind over the past few days. The chapter ends by noting that Rudi proceeded to become the most famous Alpine guide, but this story is about him growing “from a boy into a man” (285).

Chapters 16-19 Analysis

This final section completes Rudi’s character development as he makes mistakes, grapples with selfishness, and becomes a heroic, mature character. As his character develops and the stakes intensify, the theme of Maturity and Masculinity becomes more complicated. In Chapter 16, Rudi feels helpless—unable to change Winter’s illness and the outcome of their climb. When faced with the prospect of Saxo summiting without him, Rudi cannot bring himself to do what he knows is right in his heart. Rudi’s heritage gives him a “knowledge that was deeper than mere learning” (233), but he contradicts what Franz and his father—honorable men—would do. Instead, he follows in Saxo’s footsteps, trying to grasp victory for himself. When Saxo is injured, Rudi’s character is put to the ultimate test. For a moment, Rudi contemplates going on alone, thinking “Saxo was not an Herr. Not even a friend” (267). However, he suppresses this selfishness and helps the man down the mountain, carrying him until his strength gives out.

Rudi’s next test happens when he sees the captain and his uncle scrambling to the summit. While he wants to call out to them, Rudi knows they would do the right thing and immediately come down to help him. Selflessly, Rudi remains quiet, letting them have the victory that he dreamed of his entire life. This sacrifice shows that Rudi is now a man, having followed in the steps of his father. Just as his father gave everything, down to the shirt on his back, to protect Stephenson, Rudi carries Saxo—someone he doesn’t even like—until his last drop of strength is gone. This is ironic since Saxo warned against bringing Rudi, saying that they might need to carry him down the mountain. Saxo’s character shows growth in the end, as he humbly asks to shake Rudi’s hand and salutes him as the conqueror of the mountain. Saxo’s journey shows that boastfulness or mere strength is not what makes someone mature. Instead, maturity is defined by putting others before oneself. Rudi models the humility that Winter and his uncle demonstrated. In the end, he leaves the celebration to help Teo with work at the hotel. He is now mature enough to opt out of basking in his victory and showing off in front of the boys who used to tease him, choosing to meet his responsibilities and help a friend instead.

In this journey, Rudi learns a final lesson about The Balance of Risk and Courage. Rudi and Saxo both demonstrate a lack of patience by leaving their camp to summit the mountain. They pay for this foolishness by finding themselves stuck in a rockslide and their path to the top destroyed. Risk only for one’s own glory is shallow and can even be dangerous. However, it is courageous to take tremendous risk for others. In this section, Winter’s astonishing transition comes from the will to protect others, not to save himself. His eyes are “burning again with their old bright fire” (250) as he summons everything, he has to follow Rudi. Not only does Winter summit the mountain while injured, but he also helps carry Saxo and Rudi down the mountain despite his injuries.

While the climbers conquer the Citadel, Banner in the Sky doesn’t portray this as a defeat of nature. The Relationship Between Humans and Nature is a complex theme, not simply a conflict for survival. In this section, the climbers overcome the challenges of altitude, rockslides, and a treacherous descent. The narrative focus shifts from the majestic and menacing nature of the Citadel to the climbers’ efforts to put mind over matter. Nature is no longer something to be conquered but an opportunity for growth. Rudi is shocked by how quiet it is at the top of the mountain: “It was a thing that did not exist in the familiar world of men and animals” (258). The stillness is called the “terrible aloneness” (259), showing that Rudi is overcoming himself as much as the climb in front of him. While the relationship with nature is less of a focal point in this section, there are still reminders that nature is unpredictable, even if it is beautiful and often peaceful. The men in Kurtal anxiously remark that “the weather will hold,” and the snow should be firm. Had the small rockslide from Saxo’s fall been more severe, he and Rudi would be dead. Nature is a reminder that life is fragile but also exhilarating in its challenges.

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