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David Foster WallaceA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
A Supposedly Fun Thing I’ll Never Do Again explores various types of alienation and detachment. In the opening essay, Wallace describes his childhood in the American Midwest. He played competitive junior tennis before he was no longer able to compete against his peers. This formative experience of junior tennis in the Midwest is a key part of Wallace’s identity; he still clings to his Illinois roots and his love of tennis when thinking of what it means to be David Foster Wallace. Over the ensuing essays, however, he explores the alienation he feels from these nostalgic childhood memories. The boy who played tennis beneath a tornado returns to Illinois to visit the state fair and, after years away, he feels like an outsider. The years spent playing tennis as a youth imbued Wallace with the idea that he was something of a competitive talent; however, watching the professionals at the Canadian Open up close, he realizes that he is extremely far from matching even a modicum of their talent. Wallace regarded himself as a Midwesterner and a tennis player but, as he grows older, feels alienated from these formative memories. He is detached from them in a meaningful sense and, through this process of alienation, loses his sense of self. His essays explore the idea of identity as his own identity begins to fragment.
Tellingly, Wallace devotes an entire essay to a fellow artist whose work explores these ideas of dissolving identities. David Lynch is the subject of one of the essays, as Wallace visits the set of Lost Highway, a film that concerns dueling, changing identities. Amid the Lynchian strangeness of the movie set, however, Wallace discovers a familiar concern. He repeatedly returns to the idea that Lynch’s work is misunderstood. Even the term Lynchian, he suggests, is broadly misunderstood. This bristling at the misunderstanding between audience and artist (and the lengths to which Wallace goes to try to correct his audience’s misinterpretations) reveals the extent to which he is beginning to feel alienated from his primary mode of expression. At the time of this essay, Wallace is a writer in the process of writing a complex novel concerning social alienation, and he feels increasingly detached from any hope that the audience might understand his work. He profiles Lynch and spends so much time addressing critical misinterpretation of Lynch’s work partly because of his own alienation from society. Wallace is desperate for his work to be understood, for his diagnoses of problems like alienation and detachment to correctly register with the public, so he devoted much attention to correcting the record on his peer’s artistic intentions.
The essay about the cruise is the longest in the collection and the most introspective examination of Wallace’s alienation. In this essay, he describes physically leaving his home country but doing so in the company of many traveling Americans. By leaving his country yet surrounding himself with its people, he feels even more alienated than ever before. Wherever he goes, even after physically detaching himself from other Americans and attempting to distinguish himself from his fellow passengers in the eyes of cruise ship employees, he cannot separate himself from his society. This prompts profound alienation, yet he cannot escape America. He is caught in a bind in which he feels detached from a society that traps him like a prisoner. This is the deep dilemma of Wallace’s alienation: Since alienation is a part of his psyche, his sense of self, he can never escape.
Every essay in the collection contains a discussion of irony. According to Wallace, American irony is based on an implicit idea: “I don’t really mean what I’m saying” (67). This inability to be sincere or emotionally honest about anything infects everything Wallace writes about, from the vapidity of television to the hollow “Professional Smiles” of cruise ship staff. Irony is everywhere in US society. Furthermore, Wallace is as much guilty of perpetuating this irony as anyone else. In the essay “Greatly Exaggerated,” for instance, he cannot help but detect an inherent irony in Hix’s argument against the Death of the Author. Wallace detects, describes, and propagates irony as much as anyone else, sharing the burden of responsibility for the spread of irony through the Postmodern society of the US in the late 20th century.
Wallace’s tendency to read irony into everything leads him to feel a sense of despair. His time on the luxury cruise, for example, is so beholden to constantly discovering fresh little ironies that he can never truly enjoy himself. He is so preoccupied by irony that he sees it everywhere. When Wallace does praise the work of other artists, he often focuses on their ability to denote and describe irony. The films of David Lynch, for example, particularly resonate with Wallace when they explore the dark ironies of US society. When Lynch opts to explore a deeply unironic subject matter (the space opera Dune, for example), Wallace describes the film as “unquestionably the worst move of Lynch’s career” and “pretty darn bad” (151). Wallace’s opinion of Wild at Heart is similarly scathing: He praises only the parts of the film that in some way delve into deep, dark ironies. This reflects Wallace’s inner struggle. He loathes the irony that he feels is poisoning society yet cannot help seeing such ironies everywhere. He is addicted to it, to the point that he seeks it out in others’ work and is disappointed when other artists fail to address its problems. For Wallace, irony is like a narcotic. As much as he criticizes the irony at the heart of society, he devotes significant intellectual effort to recognizing and describing the irony around him. He simply cannot ignore the irony, which threatens to take over society as he sees it.
In “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction,” however, Wallace offers his ideas for how to address the irony problem that has afflicted television and criticism of it. He advocates the treatment of media and society with a form of “reverence and conviction” (81) that is, in his view, currently absent. This call to action is a call to sincerity, a desperate plea for genuine emotional content in the world. Through his social interactions, his media choices, and his own instincts, he craves more sincerity and more emotional honesty. Betraying his preoccupation with irony, however, the ensuing essays continue to seek it and to find it everywhere, even when he tries to get away from everything else. Wallace’s plea for a remedy to society’s irony addiction is deeply personal in that he calls on others to help him restore sincerity to a blighted society.
Wallace’s reality is shaped by media consumption. This obsession with media punctuates the essay collection, from an essay about television to a book review to a profile of a film director. Media casts a long shadow across the reality which Wallace portrays in the essay collection, influencing the way in which he conceives of society itself. The most obvious example of Wallace’s exploration of the relationship between media and reality is “E Unibus Pluram: Television and U.S. Fiction.” In this essay, Wallace examines how television has emerged as the perfect embodiment of a particular American reality. Through television, the relationship between commodification, commercialization, capitalism, and American culture has perfected a reflection of reality.
Television encapsulates many of US society’s worst tendencies, so much so that the average American (the figure Wallace’s names Joe Briefcase) spends six hours each day watching television. The extent to which it dominates the American cultural space, overtaking film and literature, suggests that it has become, for many people, the new reality. Joe Briefcase spends six hours each day is watching other people perform emotions for one another, intermittently punctuated by carefully designed commercials that tell the audience which products to place in their home. Broadcast television is reshaping the emotional and physical realities of the American public, illustrating the interplay between media and reality in the most pronounced way.
Watching television, Wallace insists, greatly differs from reality. In his essay about Michael Joyce, Wallace is continually surprised by the extent to which watching tennis in real life differs from watching it on the television. Similarly, he often notes the way in which his firsthand experiences of David Lynch differ from the expectations that have been imbued in him by representations of Lynch in the media. Reality offers many nuances and complexities that media such as television simply obliterate. While Wallace advocates for the raw experience of reality over the curated, artificial experience of television, he cannot deny the way that television and other media have already created a different reality in his own mind. Wallace and much of the American public, per his descriptions, live largely in the reality that the media creates for them. Wallace’s constant surprise is precisely illustrative of this, as he must constantly renegotiate his ideas about reality based on experiences outside the carefully constructed but inherently artificial reality of the media world. Wallace’s advocacy for reality over media speaks to the extent to which media dominates reality for many people. An idea that seems immediately evident, that television presents only a fraction of reality, constantly surprises even an intelligent, self-aware person like Wallace. Each new revelation regarding the friction between media and reality reiterates this point.
By David Foster Wallace
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