48 pages • 1 hour read
Evelyn WaughA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide describes child loss and classism.
John Beaver is a poor young Englishman who lives in London with his doting mother, Mrs. Beaver. She works as an interior designer for wealthier members of the middle class, while he does not have a job. Beaver and his mother are members of the middle class, but they are not as wealthy as others. Each morning, they wake up and share their “interchange of gossip” over breakfast (4). Beaver describes the various parties he visits and the gentlemen’s clubs he attends. Since he has no job, he has little money to spend. He is notoriously spendthrift but is often invited to parties when someone drops out “at the last moment” (5). One morning, Beaver mentions an invitation from Tony Last, a wealthy man who lives in a large ancestral home outside London. Tony is married to Brenda, though most people assumed that she would marry Tony’s friend, Jock Grant-Menzies. Beaver dismisses Tony as a “prig,” though he is interested in taking up Tony’s invitation to visit Hetton Abbey, where Tony and Brenda live with their young son John. At Brat’s Club, Beaver talks to Jock about a possible trip to Hetton. Later, Jock jokes with Tony that he made Beaver pay for a round of drinks.
Hetton Abbey is a large, notable house in an unfashionable style. Tony’s family has lived in the house for many generations, and he feels obliged to continue living there with Brenda and John, even though it is very costly to maintain. Each room is named after a character from Arthurian legend, with some being more comfortable than others. Tony wakes up alone in his bedroom and then takes breakfast in Brenda’s bedroom. They make small talk about their plans. She mentions that the house seems empty; Tony does not like to entertain, as he does not “keep up this house to be a hostel for a lot of bores to come and gossip in” (14). As he says this, he remembers about the invitation he made in jest to Beaver.
Outside, the young John Andrew Last rides his pony, Thunderclap, under the supervision of Ben. John adores Ben, the working-class riding instructor and general handyman, and repeats his stories enthusiastically to anyone who will listen. Though neither Tony nor Brenda take part in the local fox hunting, they are “anxious that John should like it” (16). Such horseback fox hunts are a favorite pursuit of the English elite. John tells his nanny about his latest efforts at jumping fences on Thunderclap. Later, she complains to Brenda about Ben’s coarse influence on John. Later, Tony warns John not to use language unbecoming of “people of [John’s] age and class” (19).
Tony receives a telegram from Beaver announcing that he will arrive for a visit on the train. Tony is unenthusiastic, but Brenda is keen for a distraction. They plan to put Beaver in the Galahad room, famous for its uncomfortable bed. Tony is absent when Beaver arrives, so Brenda chats aimlessly with the guest. They gossip about people in London. John enters and talks excitedly about horses and hunting. Later, John admits to his nanny that he found Beaver to be “a very silly man” (25). When Brenda talks to Tony, he apologizes for his absence. She suggests that Beaver is “rather pathetic” but not bad company. The following day, Tony attends church while Beaver stays with Brenda. Later, he gives Beaver a tour of the house. Beaver is “well practiced in the art of being shown houses” and makes the right sort of comments to his host before he is again left with Brenda, who admits to him that she detests the “appallingly ugly” house (32). The cost of running the house, she mentions, eats up all their disposable income and leaves them relatively poor. Brenda persuades Beaver to stay until Monday. After a quiet evening, Beaver departs the next day. Tony is pleased to see him go while Brenda mentions that he “wasn’t too awful” (35).
When Beaver returns to his mother, he assures her that the weekend was awful but improved. He mentions that Brenda seemed interested in potentially renting an apartment in London, which Mrs. Beaver may be able to arrange. Brenda visits London occasionally to go shopping or to see her chiropractor. Typically, she stays with her sister, Marjorie. She visits Marjorie and talks about Beaver’s visit, eventually confessing that she is attracted to him. Brenda and Marjorie are invited to a party thrown by Polly Cockpurse. After a chance meeting with Mrs. Beaver, where they talk about apartments, Brenda wonders whether she will see Beaver at the party. She asks Beaver to take her to the party and, after initially declining, he sends a telegram to accept her invitation.
Brenda goes to London to attend Polly’s party. Tony tries to explain her absence to John, who delights in his father’s mention of Polly’s monkey-like appearance. Beaver comes to Marjorie’s apartment to pick up Brenda. He looks “very elegant and rather more than his age” (43). In the week that they have been apart, Brenda and Beaver have “grown more intimate with each other than any actual occurrence warranted” (44). Beaver takes Brenda to a bar before the party and, though she declines his kiss in the taxi, she does not rebuke his approach. Instead, she assures him that he has “a lot to learn” (45). Before they arrive at the party, she kisses him.
At the party, Brenda socializes while Beaver often finds himself alone. They slip out early and visit another bar, then Beaver accompanies her to Marjorie’s house, where they bid farewell. He promises to call her in the morning, and when he arrives home, she calls him to say goodnight. Marjorie is shocked that her sister could be attracted to “such a dreary young man” (49). Soon, many people in London are gossiping about Brenda being seen out with a man who is not her husband. Beaver complains to his mother that he “can’t afford to start talking about women like Brenda Last” (51).
When Brenda returns to Hetton, she does not mention Beaver. Instead, she tells Tony about her desire to rent an apartment in London. Money is tight, but Tony agrees to delay renovating the house to free up money for an apartment. Mrs. Beaver shows the room to Brenda, who stays with Marjorie while the room is prepared. Marjorie criticizes her sister’s “ridiculous mistake.” The affair is “hard cheese on Tony” (56), Marjorie says, and Marjorie does not want to be involved. Meanwhile, Beaver is delighted to finally be “a person of interest and, almost, of consequence” (57). When the apartment is ready, Brenda stays there with Beaver whenever she visits London.
Over Christmas, Beaver goes with his mother to Ireland while Brenda visits with Tony’s relatives. She is bored throughout her trip, though she sends an expensive ring to Beaver even though she has forbidden him to buy her anything. When they see each other next, he is wearing the ring. At a New Year’s party, Brenda tells Tony about her plan to take an economics course. The course will require her to visit London more often.
A Handful of Dust opens with a short introduction to Beaver before the narrative focus switches focus to Tony and Brenda. Their marriage dominates the novel, but Beaver moves around the periphery of the narrative just as he moves around the periphery of the London social scene. At this point in the novel, Beaver serves as a target for the petty cruelty of Tony and his wealthy, upper-crust friends, thus satirizing the pretensions of the English bourgeoisie. Tony’s attitude toward Beaver is patronizing and dismissive. He jokes with Jock about making Beaver—who both men know to be considerably less wealthy than they are—pay for drinks at the club. Their humor is dismissive of the idea of Beaver as a person—in their world, a person’s worth is directly tied to their property and income. This dismissal becomes ironic later, when Beaver causes the dissolution of Tony’s marriage and then, by taking advantage of Tony’s sense of honor, forces Tony to support him financially while he carries on an affair with Tony’s former wife. Tony’s patronizing, dismissive attitude toward Beaver is exactly what makes him the ideal choice for Brenda’s affair. Experiencing Inherited Privilege as a Source of Dissatisfaction, she is bored in her marriage and slowly growing to resent Tony. By having an affair with Beaver, she challenges Tony’s status and his judgment. Beaver becomes the perfect vehicle for Brenda’s quiet rebellion precisely because he is so peripheral.
Beaver’s relative poverty is illustrated by his living arrangements. Whereas Tony and other members of his social set live with their spouses or their families, Beaver lives with his mother. They have lived together in a small house since the death of Beaver’s father. As a result of Mr. Beaver’s death, Mrs. Beaver has been forced into the workplace. During this era, more women had begun to enter the workforce, but the idea of a woman—especially a respectable, middle-class woman—running her own business was still notable. Her need to work denies her the time to grieve and mourn for her husband; she must replace his earning ability. Meanwhile, John’s existence satirizes the pretensions of the leisure class. Having spent his life trying to emulate wealthier men of leisure, he imagines that it would be beneath him to get a job, but he is only able to cling to this lifestyle because of his mother’s work.
Mrs. Beaver is one of the few characters in the novel to do any paid work, and she approaches her work with determination and ingenuity. As such, she is a foil to the wealthier characters, whose lives are characterized by inherited privilege as a source of dissatisfaction. Brenda, for example, regards Mrs. Beaver’s enthusiasm for work as gauche and disdains her for it. With no work and few responsibilities, she spends her days looking for any novel experience to take her away from the boredom of her marriage to Tony. When Brenda falls into money troubles later in the novel, however, she never thinks to replicate Mrs. Beaver’s efforts. Mrs. Beaver recognizes this, refusing to employ her. Mrs. Beaver’s hard work is a testament to her character and a damning indictment of the idleness of the gentry.
After the sudden death of her son, Brenda finds that she can no longer endure her privileged but emotionally unsatisfying life with Tony. Some critics—most notably Waugh’s contemporary and friend Cyril Connolly—have argued that John’s death is the moment at which the book shifts from social satire into psychological realism. The Social Repression of Grief leaves Brenda with no way to process the enormous loss she has just experienced, and she turns to Beaver as a distraction from what she cannot bear to think about.
Despite the seriousness of Brenda’s barely suppressed grief, John Beaver remains a satirical figure throughout the novel. Even the young John Last, before his sudden death, regards Beaver as “a very silly man” (25). Beaver himself imagines that, by taking up with Brenda publicly, he has finally become “a person of interest and, almost, of consequence” (57). The pomposity of this statement belies its absurdity. He imagines that he derives “interest” and “consequence” not from anything he might do, but simply from his association with a person above him in the social hierarchy. He uses what he thinks is formal, weighty language to describe himself, but he seems unaware that the phrase “person of interest” is used by police to describe a criminal suspect.
Brenda’s sister Marjorie, who enables the affair by allowing Brenda to stay at her flat when she visits the city, disapproves of Beaver not out of any moral scruple but simply because she finds him charmless. Marjorie is offended that her sister could be romantically interested in a man as unremarkable as Beaver. Her disbelief provides a critique of a society that claims to value morality and virtue but is actually concerned with appearances more than anything else. The moral issues of the affair do not bother Marjorie or anyone else. Brenda’s choice of Beaver, however, turns the affair into a fascinating piece of gossip.
By Evelyn Waugh