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38 pages 1 hour read

Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o

A Grain of Wheat

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1967

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Chapters 4-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2

Chapter 4 Summary

A Mr. Rogers, later killed by a train at the Githima railway crossing, had established a forestry research station in the Githima forests. The most recent death at this crossing was that of Dr. Henry Van Dyke, a drunken meteorologist. His death may have been suicide, according to African workers, who claim Van Dyke had sworn to kill himself when Jomo Kenyatta was released from detention, and that had recently occurred.

British DO John Thompson summons Karanja, who works in the library at the agricultural office, and asks him to deliver a letter to Thompson’s wife. Karanja laments that he often has to run petty errands such as this for Thompson or for the librarian, Mrs. Dickinson, who sometimes sends him to buy meat for her dogs. Karanja arrives at the Thompsons’ bungalow and sees Margery Thompson tending to her rose garden. She invites Karanja inside the house and feels a sexual stirring in Karanja’s presence. She invites him to have a cup of coffee. Meanwhile, Karanja wonders if he should ask her whether she and her husband would leave Kenya and return to Great Britain with the Uhuru approaching. Making small talk, Margery asks Karanja how many wives he has (none) and whether he has a woman (Karanja says he loved a woman once, but she rejected him). Uncomfortable, Margery dismisses him. As he returns to the library, Karanja wishes that others had witnessed his closeness to the Thompsons, so he could gain more respect in the eyes of his countrymen.

In his office, John Thompson considers that in just a few days he will leave Kenya. He is saddened by the realization that he has not served his country—his prime minister or his queen—better. Looking out the window, he notices Dr. Lynd’s dog, a bullmastiff, attack one of the Africans servants. The man picks up a stone to throw at the dog when Dr. Lynd returns and chastises the man for harassing her dog. The man is Karanja, but Thompson does not seem to register this fact at first. Thompson steps forward to intervene. He tries to tell Dr. Lynd what happened, but instead sinks into a reverie about a time he and Margery hit a dog on the road and felt horrible.

Dr. Lynd, sobbing, tells him the story of something that happened when she first arrived in Kenya. She lived alone but had a dog and a native houseboy, whom she scolded often but also provided with food and clothes. One night, robbers came to her house and tied her up, and her houseboy assisted them by killing her dog. The houseboy—described as a man who had served as a cook in World War II—is most certainly Koina.

After her confession, Dr. Lynd and John Thompson go their separate ways. Thompson reflects on his time in Kenya, which included service at detention camps, where he imposed such harsh treatment that during his time at the Rira detention center, the detainees went on a hunger strike. In the resulting riot, 11 of them died. Because of the bad press reports following the incident, Thompson was demoted to work in Githima.

As Thompson leaves the office, Karanja stops him to talk. Thompson dismisses him by saying that he will take care of the incident with the dog, and then feels angry that he should have to appease one of the natives.

Chapter 5 Summary

At home, John and Margery Thompson discuss his day. His replacement has not been announced yet, and Thompson is in a testy mood. Margery feels for her husband, but at the same time wonders how they have grown apart. She has tried to support him in every way, even though the difficult times at Rira. Margery will be sad to leave Githima; it was here, after all, that she met and had an affair with Dr. Henry Van Dyke. It was an unhappy relationship, marked by arguments, but Margery was strongly attracted to him and kept returning. After his death, she threw herself into her gardening. Now she wishes to talk to her husband again, to hear his anxieties about his job and their return to Great Britain.

Thompson had first spent time in Africa during World War II. Upon returning to Great Britain, he met two Africans who were studying at Oxford. He was amazed to hear these African men discussing history and literature, and became convinced that his purpose was to help colonize Africa, expand the British Empire, and transform all the colonies into one nation. He began writing a manuscript entitled “Prospero in Africa,” and has been compiling notes on his experience in Kenya ever since. Margery encouraged him and instilled hope in him, and her touch as she passes him on the way to bed revives him, briefly, with hope.

Yet Thompson recalls his anger at the British withdrawal from Kenya, which has led him to resign his position. After all the work he had done on behalf of the British Empire in Kenya, the Empire is willfully relinquishing its control. The queen’s husband himself will be present at the Uhuru ceremonies to give his blessing to the transfer of power to the new government. Thompson is relieved to find Margery already asleep when he goes to bed—he will not have to bare his thoughts to her. 

Chapters 4-5 Analysis

While the opening chapters focus on the perspective of villagers whose country is about to regain its independence, these chapters focus on the consequences of the end of British power for the colonizers. In particular, we see several versions of British racism through the lens of John Thompson, his wife, and Dr. Lynd.

Thompson sees himself as a hardworking man bent on progress whose only regret is not getting even more time to make Kenya over in his image. Yet Thompson—the extent of whose atrocities will become clear in later chapters—is completely indifferent to actual Africans, the people his work claims to be trying to help. He dismissively dispatches Karanja, a former Chief in the homeguard, to run a petty errand, and soon afterwards literally dehumanizes Karanja when he fails to recognize him. Thompson barely sees the people around him as people—when he considers that his savagery at a detainment center led to both a hunger strike and a riot, his only regret is getting demoted as a result.

Another version of racism we encounter is the extreme objectification practiced by Mrs. Thompson. When Karanja brings her a letter from her husband, she is filled with sexual desire for the strong, young black man. However, as soon as her insinuating questions don’t lead him to come on to her but instead reveal Karanja to be a soulful, individual person with wants and dreams of his own, Mrs. Thompson is incredibly uncomfortable. She wants Karanja to be a sexual tool, not a human being.

A third type of racist thinking comes through in Dr. Lynd’s story. She believes herself to be in a parental or teacherly role to the adult man she employed as a servant. Calling him a houseboy—a job description that infantilizes and demeans him—she is surprised that her moralistic scolding and her deigning to pay him on a barter system of room and board doesn’t secure the man’s undying loyalty. After he helps others rob her, Dr. Lynd only sees herself as the victim despite the incredible power behind her. This dynamic recurs in miniature when Dr. Lynd’s bullmastiff nearly attacks Karanja. When he grabs a large rock to defend himself, she accuses him of abusing her dog—again seeing the more powerful party in the conflict as the victim.

What is striking about the characterization of the British administrators we meet is their self-isolation from human connection. Unlike the Kikuyu, whose lives are interwoven in complex and rich ways, the white characters are solitary and avoidant. The Thompsons lead lives so separate that Margery has recently conducted an affair with one of her husband’s colleagues, and the barest touch from her is a momentous occasion for her husband. The paranoid Dr. Lynd has even fewer attachments—she lives alone with a series of vicious dogs for company. 

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